Paper - 2310 Words

ABSTRACT: WidgeCorps’s management team had a lack in understand of some of the key multivariate statistical techniques used by many companies to measure how variables react with one another. This paper will discuss how three of these techniques are commonly used and provides a recommendation for the company to use as they move forward with research and development of new products. This paper also compares and contrasts the different multivariate techniques. KEYWORDS: multivariate techniques, Chi-Square Test, multidimensional scaling There are many different multivariate techniques commonly used in businesses across the world. This paper will compare three commonly used techniques including factor analysis, multi-dimensional scaling,†¦show more content†¦Gmail, a subsidiary of Google is able to track consumer data with every click that a consumer makes with their mouse as the cruise the internet. Market research firms collect data daily about consumers. They then make note of the buying and internet surfing trends of consumers. They use cluster analysis by putting the clusters or groups of consumers with similar trends together and then marketing new products or services to them, (Downes, 2012). Multidimensional Scaling: Multidimensional Scaling is another multivariate technique WidgeCorp could use while doing research. Multidimensional scaling is the most abstract of the multivariate techniques. While abstract, it was the easiest for me to comprehend. Multidimensional Scaling has two main objects. The first objective is to find a pattern somewhere in the data collected and presenting it visually for all to understand, (Wilkes, 1977). To visually display the data, Multidimensional Scaling places the data retrieved onto a three-dimensional plain. It is particularly useful when dealing with many different variables and allows the reader to see a visual representation on how they relate to one another. Multidimensional scaling is often used to test both the quality and safety of consumer products, (Yang, 2010). When researching the different multivariate techniques, I found some practical application of the Multidimensional Scaling method. The most interesting application I found was relating toShow MoreRelated Paper761 Words   |  4 Pages In the 1790s members of the industry in both Paris and London were working on inventions to try to mechanise paper-making. In England John Dickenson produced the cylinder machine that was operational by 1809. Although useful for smaller enterprises, this lacked the large scale potential of the machine resulting from the invention of Nicholas-Louis Robert in Paris, which had a more complicated incubation period. The last of the early improvements to this machine were financed by the Fourdrinier brothersRead MoreReflection Paper836 Words   |  4 Pagesand integrating quotes. 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Empty Spaces in James Joyces Eveline from Dubliners Essay

Evelines Empty Spaces It seems highly appropriate that James Joyce lived in Europe during the time of Cà ©zanne, Seurat, Gauguin, and Matisse; throughout his book Dubliners he sketches his characters in a style that could be characterized as post- impressionist. Rather than smoothly, cleanly outlining and clearly delineating his characters every feature, Joyce concentrates on hinting at the emotional meanings of his depictions with a rich thick dab of paint here and there. Although Joyce flexes his descriptive muscles in the Dubliners short story Eveline (1914,) he leaves much to the imagination of the reader through calculated omissions and suggestive phrases. Such omissions begin at the opening of the story; She†¦show more content†¦Joyce here refers to something obscure, an old kind of keyboard instrument which was worked by a series of bellows. What is most notable in this case however, is placement; broken harmonium evokes a sense of the discord present in the home that Eveline briefly touched on at the beginning (Her father was not so bad then; and besides her mother was alive. That was a long time ago [...])(37). The reference to Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque may be even more obscure, but upon learning of its background one finds that it is indeed apt; St. Margaret Alacoque was an orphan who became a nun to escape the bad treatment she received from relatives, only to find the convent no more welcoming a home. She has a vision of Christ in which she places her hand in his heart. Eveline can be compared to St. Alacoque in that they both experience poor treatment at the hands of family, and one could draw parallels between the later description of the character Frank being open-hearted, and the seemingly senseless mention of how her fathers violence [...] had given her the palpitations (38, 39). Joyce uses more that just the readers own imagination and discreet references to generate motion towards the climax of the story. The readers ideas about morality and who and what are right and wrong play a key part in the sensations that are elicited by Joyces suggestive style. Defiance of her father brings Eveline closer to the reader; merely going

Arbitration of Disputes-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.In the absence of choice of law critically analyse and explain the options that are available for the interpretation of the Contract. 2.The rules of arbitration help Companies to hold their trade secrets to their chest. Critically examine this statement by accentuating the divergence in procedures,merits in application of the state judiciary structure and that of arbitral institutions in times of dispute. Answers: 1.With the increasing globalization, it is quite often that the contract tends to contain certain foreign elements. This gives rise to a pertinent question so as to determine the applicable law which applies to the given situation. This problem arises due to interplay between a plethora of interconnected factors which include the performance place, payment place, business place, underlying payment current coupled with nationality of the underlying parties involved. In order to manage this problem, Rome convention through the enabling provisions tends to provide the contracting parties the choice of law through which they can determine either implicitly or explicitly the applicable law in case of any contractual dispute. The importance of this can be adjudged from the fact that the presence of this has become a lynchpin of international contracts (Fawcett and Torremans, 2011). However, there are certain contracts where the choice of law is absent and thus interpretation of such contracts poses a significant challenge. One way for contractual interpretation in the absence of choice of law is obtained from common law. In accordance with the common law, in such a situation the applicable law for contractual interpretation would be one which tends to have closest and most real connection with the given transaction (Marshall, 2012). The common law approach has been criticised by academicians, lawyers and practitioners alike due to underlying ambiguity in the language which makes it quite difficult to apply. When there is even balance in terms of the physical factors, the common law solution of applicable law leads to high degree of uncertainty for the contracting parties. Considering the nature of solution, the judge tends to have high amount of discretion which invariably leads to dissatisfaction over the decision by either party (Tang, 2008). A radically different but more certain approach to interpret contractual clauses is provided by Rome I Regulations. The first step under this exists in the form of art4(1), which outlines the fixed governing rules that exist for eight different form of contracts. In the event of the underlying contract to be interpreted lying outside the ambit of the defined eight categories of art4(1) or lying in more than one category, then art4(2) would be applicable. As per this article, for determination of applicable law, presumption of characteristic performance needs to be applied (Marshall, 2012). The presumption tends to highlight that the applicable law would essentially be the same as the underlying contractual law existing in the nation/country which hosts the habitual residence of the party which needs to ensure the contractual characteristic performance (Tang, 2008). Even though this provides larger clarity when compared to the corresponding commentary offered by common law, but considering the complex nature of cross=border legal transactions, this concept is also difficult to apply. In case of failure to ascertain the applicable law under both art4(1) and art4(2), art4(4) needs to be applied. In accordance with art4(4), an escape clause is provided in the form of closest connection test (Marshall, 2012). This clause provides a higher degree of clarity and certainty in comparison to a similar test prescribed by the common law and hence curbs the wide flexibility currently being extended to the judges. Also, it is noteworthy that while deploying the escape clause under art4(4), a significant emphasis is given on the underlying context and facts related to each case which tend to alter the decision given (Tang, 2008). While the Rome 1 Regulations tend to a superior choice for contractual interpretation in contrast to common law, but it also has immense set of criticisms. To begin with, the eight fixed categories of contract are way too less considering the contractual scope in the present day business. There is an urgent need to build on these pre-existing contract categories and based on common commercial transactions, it is required to expand this list (Marshall, 2012). Further, refinements in usage of art4(2) are required so as to simplify the overall application. Besides, the escape clause also has two major shortcomings namely the phrasing of the clause in geographical terms and also in the current form, separate issue based evaluation is not possible. This makes the escape clause vulnerable to mechanical application and also stalemate in case of balancing factors (Dickinson, 2010). In the wake of the above shortcomings in the present regulations, it makes sense that a national law must be framed on the lines of Rome I Regulations but attempts must be made to overcome the various shortcomings that have been identified above. However, at the same time, the basic architecture needs to be retained while fine tuning the provisions so as to enhance easy of application, predictability and satisfaction of contractual parties (Marshall, 2012). 2.In the modern business era, financial resources are available in abundant but the key requirement for business success is knowledge which is apparent from the rise of patents and the use of patented technology. In a communication revolution where information can be transmitted globally within minutes, it has become of critical essence to the businesses to preserve the confidentiality of their trade secrets so as to maintain their competitive edge. As the importance of these trade secrets have surged so have the disputes involving the same particularly with regards to ownership claims. With the existence of these disputes, it is imperative that a suitable mechanism be available so as to resolve these issues in a just manner while ensuring speed (Fawcett and Torremans, 2011). Two of the most common measures available in this regard are arbitration and civil proceedings using the state judiciary. It is imperative to critically analyse the procedure and the utility of each of these mea sures particularly with regards to maintaining the confidentiality of their respective trade secrets. Arbitration on account of the private hearings are thought to be a better choice with regards to confidentiality and protection of trade secrets. Even though in international rules related to arbitration outlined by ICC, UNICTRAL and CPR but private arbitration may also be governed by national laws related to arbitration. This is especially the case when the two disputing parties are based in a particular country and hence private arbitration is usually governed by applicable national law on the subject especially in the developed world. However, recently, there has been variation in the legal stance especially with regards to implied confidentiality in case of arbitration which leads to unpredictability. There are countries such as Sweden, Australia and USA which through judicial cases at different levels has denounced the implicit assumption of confidentiality while UK has preserved the same (Sarles, nd).. Additionally, it has been found that with regards to emergencies situations, the arbitration does little to prevent damage by way of providing injunction which is better served by the state judiciary. Arbitration normally focuses on providing damages in the form of arbitral awards which are usually binding in nature. One of the advantages of the arbitration is the existence of flexibility in terms of judicial procedures and evidence mechanism which can enable speedy disposal of cases particularly in case of non-administered arbitration (Samuel, 2017). Further, arbitral awards usually cannot be challenged unless there is some glaring discrepancy which violated the natural justice principle and hence ensures limited litigation. The process of arbitration typically involves the appointment of an arbitrator, sharing of material documents between parties, discovery of evidence before the proceedings actually commence. After the commencement of proceedings, the tribunal or the arbitrator announces the arbitral award (Marsh, 2011) On the other hand, civil proceedings can also be initiated in cases involving trade secrets. In majority of the developed countries unlike in the past, there has been a realization of the need to keep information confidential especially which can materially impact the legitimate interest of the involved parties. Further, the courts in these countries have increasingly warmed to the idea of in camera and private proceedings and withholding information from the public domain. Also, the under seal filing provision has increasingly becoming common coupled with passage of protective order such as injunction so as to ensure that intellectual rights and trade secrets are not compromised. Further, a pro-confidentiality approach taken by the courts especially in the US is apparent from the verdicts pronounced in cases like Gates Rubber v. Bando Chemical Industries, 9 F.3d 823(October 19, 1993) and In re Iowa Freedom of Information Council, 724 F.2d 658 (8th Cir. 1983). However, the critical a spect is that the court does not act on the advice of the concerned party with regards to terming a document as trade secret and makes an independent evaluation of the same. While, in the earlier times, this may have been problematic considering the limited technical knowledge about the same but the existence of specialised courts and tribunals to decide on specific matters, this ensures that the protection provided is not abused (Legal Intelligencer, 2014). Based on the above discussion, it would be fair to conclude that where in nations where state judiciary is developed with regards to deciding on cases related to patent law and trade secrets, it must be preferred over arbitration with regards to matters of confidentiality. However, in jurisdictions where the law has not developed, it is better to deploy arbitration considering the existence of global rules fostering confidentiality. References Dickinson, A. (2010) Rebuttable Assumptions, Lloyds Maritime and Commercial Law Quarterly Vol.27 No.2,pp. 32-37 Fawcett J.J. and Torremans, P. (2011), Intellectual Property and Private International Law, 2nd edn. New York: Oxford University Press Legal Intelligencer (2014), MINIMIZING DISCLOSURE OF TRADE SECRETS IN CIVIL LITIGATION, Blank Rome Website, [Online] Available at https://www.blankrome.com/index.cfm?contentID=37itemID=3275 [Accessed August 5, 2017] Marsh, J. (2011), Arbitration and Trade Secrets: Avoiding the Trap,Trade Secrets Litigator Website, [Online] Available at https://www.tradesecretlitigator.com/2011/05/agreements-requiring-the-arbitration-of-disputes-are-generally-perceived-as-being-pro-business-but-do-they-really-help-a-business-in-the-trade-secret-context/ [Accessed August 5, 2017] Marshall, B.A. (2012) Reconsidering the Proper Law of the Contract, Melbourne Journal of International Law, Vol.13 No.2, pp. 9-44 Samuel, M. (2017), Confidentiality in International Commercial Arbitration: Bedrock or Window-Dressing?, Kluwer Arbitration Blog, [Online] Available at https://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2017/02/21/confidentiality-international-commercial-arbitration-bedrock-window-dressing/?print=print [Accessed August 5, 2017] Sarles, J.W. (n.d.), SOLVING THE ARBITRAL CONFIDENTIALITY CONUNDRUM IN INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION, Mayer Brown Website, [Online] Available at https://m.mayerbrown.com/Files/Publication/cc689d95-b8ba-4179-b72f-08b83ec47ad1/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/917049de-2412-4695-894d-09fc7f42c303/Confidentiality.pdf [Accessed August 5, 2017] Tang, Z. (2008) Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice The New Article 4 of the Rome I Regulation, Modern Law Review, Vol. 71 No. 5, pp. 785-800

The assassination of John F. Kennedy Conspiracy theories

Following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in 1963, the warren commission was setup to investigate the case. The team came to a conclusion that the assassination was carried out by a lone gunman. However, the house select committee on assassinations carried out fresh investigations in the period between 1976 and 1979 concluding that the assassination was a conspiracy, essentially denouncing the earlier findings that suggested a one man effort. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The assassination of John F. Kennedy: Conspiracy theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The conspiracy theories developed in the latter years implicated a number of public figures including former Cuban leader Fidel Castro, the mafia, the FBI, Lyndon Johnson, the CIA amongst many others. These groups and individuals were named in several conspiracy theories namely, the organized crime theory, the secret service, the federal reserve conspiracy and the new Orleans conspiracy among others. From personal opinion, the theory that seems to hold most water in this particular case is the organized crime conspiracy which basically implicates the mafia, Cuban exiles and Fidel Castro’s supporters. Mob involvement has been well presented in David Kaiser’s book, The road to Dallas. When President John F. Kennedy took over office from Dwight Eisenhower, he made it a point to ensure that criminals were incarcerated in numbers that were unprecedented (Kaiser, 11). Under his watch the number of persecutions increased by upto 12 times the number recorded during his predecessor’s tenure. Members of mafia formed a big number of the criminals he had sent to jail and this gave them a reason to retaliate. The Mafioso considered Fidel Castro their biggest enemy and most of them built strong relationships with anti-Castro Cubans. Some of the documents that were allegedly not consulted by the Warren commis sion indicate that some of the Mafiosi had been involved in plotting conspiracies directed at assassinating Fidel Castro. The Mafia felt short changed when President Kennedy failed to support their efforts in the invasion. The mafia in this cause was under the support of Cuban exiles in the USA who wanted to go back to Cuba and carry out an invasion Castro’s communist government (Kaiser, 123). It has also been suggested that anti-Castro Cubans were angered by Kennedy’s failure to destroy Cuba during the 1962 missile crisis. Giving the mafia and the Cuban exiles even more reason to hate him, President Kennedy had been at the forefront of leading charges against organized crime as a young and idealistic lawyer. Further, the president’s younger brother Bobby also followed in his footsteps leading the administration in protests against the mafia. Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OF F Learn More The mafia had helped John F. Kennedy win the elections and therefore they felt betrayed when he started prosecuting them when he got the office. The polls ended in dispute with allegations of the elections being marred with irregularities. Investigations that were carried out by to the CIA revealed that Carlos Marcello, a suspected member of the mafia could have organized and implemented the conspiracy. The investigations also realized that Marcello had the motive, the opportunity and the resources necessary to carry out the assassination. The most popular organized crime conspiracy involving the Cubans suggests that Kennedy could have been assassinated by Fidel Castro. According to this theory, Castro was fully aware that the mafia aided by some Cubans was baying for his blood. These two groups were purported to be under CIA’s command (Kaiser, 53). As a result, the only two choices available to Castro were to kill or be killed. Aside from the Mafia and the Cubans, other organized groups that could have committed the crime include the KGB. This argument suggests that Oswald was possibly a member of the KGB and his work was to handle such â€Å"dirty† missions. Individuals who are pro this line of thought such as Professor Revilo Oliver believe that JFK was assassinated because he did not serve the soviet and related communist groups as effectively as he had promised prior to the election. Kennedy had been seen as the one who could turn America to communism but once he got into office he appeared to soften his stand and in a move described as ‘turning American’ (Kaiser, 293). From readings, it has been discovered that this conspiracy could have been covered up to avoid the eruption of the third world war; a war which was imminent were it to be revealed that the KGB controlled Oswald. Of all the conspiracy theories that have been fronted to explain the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the theory suggesting that organized crime could have been the major involvement appears to be more credible. In the book The Road to Dallas, David Kaiser has clearly provided in-depth explanations supporting the argument that organized crime groups were the major plotters and developers of the plot to kill JFK. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The assassination of John F. Kennedy: Conspiracy theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As much various discussions have arisen in regards to who could have been involved and the particular reasons for their involvement, it is definitely clear from Kaiser’s book that Oswald could not have been the sole mastermind of the attack. The Mafioso, the Cuban exiles, the KGB and probably even Fidel Castro’s henchmen could have contributed to the development of the plot. It is however clear as has been presented earlier in this essay that whichever group was involved had to have some agreea ble amount of inside help. It is definitely ridiculous to try and purport that a single individual in the name of Oswald could have bypassed all the security systems around the president of a super power without either outside or inside help, or both. By the standards of those days JFK must have been the most well protected individual on earth yet he went down by a bullet from a sniper’s gun; a sniper who was not immediately traced. His evasion from security forces around the president and all over the country could be telling of the fact that he had enlisted a definite level of inside support. This is the kind of support that could only be negotiated for by a well connected group of individuals. The level of organization in the execution of the assassination was clearly a team effort, and though Oswald came to take most of the credit, it is evident that there were many people counting on his success. In conclusion, it is worth noting that the assassination of JFK is a myst ery that has puzzled many. The way it happened and the subsequent events have been some of the discussions that have generated heated debates especially among analysts and historians. Unfortunately, with every re-analysis of the story come new findings serving to thicken the plot. However, readers of the theories fronted by scholars are free to choose the one that makes most sense and in the above discussion it has been argued that the conspiracy theory involving organized crime groups is the most credible. Works Cited Kaiser, David. The Road to Dallas. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on The assassination of John F. Kennedy: Conspiracy theories was written and submitted by user Pa1ge to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Not only do you have to create your budget, you have to stick to it too unfortunately. But here are some tips for doing just that:

1. Keep your bank statements and check th​em regularly to make sure you're on track. 2. Don't just follow the crowd if you haven't got enough cash to do something.​ 3. Only have enough cash in your purse/wallet that you can afford to spend, especially if you're going on a night out. 4. Whenever you're making a purchase ask yourself whether you just want it or you actually need it. 5. Don't get too stressed out or too constrained with your budget because you might end up​ going on a spending binge. Cutting Costs The savviest students attempt to make savings in all walks of life and you should too. Think about it, if you make savings now and have a little extra cash at the end of each month it means you can treat yourself or simply be in less debt by the time you finish university. In the following you'll find some general tips for lowering the cost of each expense. You'll also find out where to find the best deals and discounts. Food​ Take a shopping list with you and only buy what you need. Share food with your house mates so you can buy cheaper items in bulk. Freeze food so it doesn't go off and is therefore wasted. Transport Get a discounted weekly or student travel card e.g. a student Oyster card. Take the bus or walk wherever you can, it's cheaper than trains, trams etc. Always book trains home in advance or take the coach. Books Buy second-hand online or from former students. Use Gooogle Books for excerpts of the texts you might need. Instead of buying the books, use the library's copy as long as you can. Reserve the books where necessary. Shopping Always check if there's a student discount available. Buy second-hand from charity shops and the like. Use price comparison sites for everything you need. Going Out Have a couple of drinks before you go out rather than going to a pub or bar. Go to local student nights for cheaper drinks. Get friendly with promoters for discounted tickets or free entry. At Home Use Skype to call your friends and family to lower your phone bill. Don't bother with a TV, license and subscription, watch your fave shows on demand. Be careful with your use of electricity and heating.Top 10 Sites For Finding Student Deals NUS Extra Save the Student Student Money Saver UniDays Student BeansGroupon Money Saving Expert Voucher Codes StudentUniverse Swagbucks We hope you've found this post helpful and you're feeling well-equipped to deal with the money perils that could come your way during your first year at university. Don't forget to share this post with your friends on Facebook and Twitter if you found it useful!​ Sources: This is Money, Student Crowd, Money Saving Expert, Bright Knowledge, Save the Student, Student Profit, Pixabay, The Guardian

The Battle of Kettle Creek in the Revolutionary War

The Battle of Kettle Creek in the Revolutionary War The Battle of Kettle Creek was fought February 14, 1779, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). In 1778, the new British commander in North America, General Sir Henry Clinton, elected to abandon Philadelphia and concentrate his forces in New York City. This reflected a desire to protect this key base following the Treaty of Alliance between the Continental Congress and France. Emerging from Valley Forge, General George Washington pursued Clinton into New Jersey. Clashing at Monmouth on June 28, the British elected to break off the fighting and continue their retreat north. As British forces established themselves in New York City, the war in the north settled into a stalemate. Believing support for the British cause to be stronger in the south, Clinton began making preparations to campaign in strength in this region. Armies Commanders Americans Colonel Andrew PickensColonel John DoolyLieutenant Colonel Elijah Clarke300-350 militia British Colonel John BoydMajor William Spurgen600 to 800 militia Background Since the British repulse at Sullivans Island near Charleston, SC in 1776, little significant fighting had occurred in the South. In the fall of 1778, Clinton directed forces to move against Savannah, GA. Attacking on December 29, Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Campbell succeeded in overwhelming the citys defenders. Brigadier General Augustine Prevost arrived the following month with reinforcements and assumed command in Savannah. Seeking to expand British control into the interior of Georgia, he directed Campbell to take around 1,000 men to secure Augusta. Departing on January 24, they were opposed by Patriot militia led by Brigadier General Andrew Williamson. Unwilling to directly engage the British, Williamson limited his actions to skirmishing before Campbell reached his objective a week later. Lincoln Responds In an effort to bolster his numbers, Campbell commenced recruiting Loyalists to the British cause. To enhance these efforts, Colonel John Boyd, an Irishman who had lived in Raeburn Creek, SC, was ordered to raise Loyalists in the backcountry of the Carolinas. Gathering around 600 men in central South Carolina, Boyd turned south to return to Augusta. In Charleston, the American commander in the South, Major General Benjamin Lincoln, lacked the forces to contest Prevost and Campbells actions. This changed on January 30, when 1,100 North Carolina militia, led by Brigadier General John Ashe, arrived. This force quickly received orders to join Williamson for operations against Campbells troops at Augusta. Pickens Arrives Along the Savannah River near Augusta, a stalemate ensued as Colonel John Doolys Georgia militia held the north bank while Colonel Daniel McGirths Loyalist forces occupied the south. Joined by around 250 South Carolina militia under Colonel Andrew Pickens, Dooly agreed to begin offensive operations in Georgia with the former in overall command. Crossing the river on February 10, Pickens and Dooly attempted to strike a British camp southeast of Augusta. Arriving, they found that the occupants had departed. Mounting a pursuit, they cornered the enemy at Carrs Fort a short time later. As his men commenced a siege, Pickens received information that Boyds column was moving towards Augusta with 700 to 800 men. Anticipating that Boyd would attempt to cross the river near the mouth of the Broad River, Pickens assumed a strong position in this area. The Loyalist commander instead slipped north and, after being repulsed by Patriot forces at Cherokee Ford, moved another five miles upstream before finding a suitable crossing. Initially unaware of this, Pickens crossed back into to South Carolina before receiving word of Boyds movements. Returning to Georgia, he resumed his pursuit and overtook the Loyalists as they paused to camp near Kettle Creek. Approaching Boyds camp, Pickens deployed his men with Dooly leading the right, Doolys executive officer, Lieutenant Colonel Elijah Clarke, commanding the left, and himself overseeing the center. Boyd Beaten In devising a plan for the battle, Pickens intended to strike with his men in the center while Dooly and Clarke swung wide to envelop the Loyalist camp. Pushing forward, Pickens advance guard violated orders and fired on the Loyalist sentries alerting Boyd to the impending attack. Rallying around 100 men, Boyd moved forward to a line of fencing and fallen trees. Frontally attacking this position, Pickens troops engaged in heavy fighting as Dooly and Clarkes commands were slowed by the swampy terrain on the Loyalist flanks. As the battle raged, Boyd fell mortally wounded and command devolved to Major William Spurgen. Though he tried to continue the fight, Dooly and Clarkes men began to appear from swamps. Under intense pressure, the Loyalist position began to collapse with Spurgens men retreating through the camp and across Kettle Creek. Aftermath In the fighting at the Battle of Kettle Creek, Pickens sustained 9 killed and 23 wounded while Loyalist losses numbered 40-70 killed and around 75 captured. Of Boyds recruits, 270 reached the British lines where they were formed into the North and South Carolina Royal Volunteers. Neither formation lasted long due to transfers and desertions. With the impending arrival of Ashes men, Campbell decided to abandon Augusta on February 12 and commenced his withdrawal two days later. The town would remain in Patriot hands until June 1780 when the British returned following their victory at the Siege of Charleston.

Hairstyles of the Damned Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hairstyles of the Damned Discussion - Assignment Example However, his father started sleeping in the basement which worried him about the deteriorating relationship between his parents. It is the concern of Brian about what might happen to their family if things get worse (Meno 24). Question No. 3 – Gretchen is fat by her own admission and also by that of Brian. It is symptomatic of adolescent girls who are still growing up like Gretchen and trying to define their own identities to have low self-esteem. She thinks of herself as gross to look at and she tries to shy away from meeting other people, like eating at the Haunted Trails mall and video arcade. She is supposed to be on a diet and eat only â€Å"white† foods to reduce her weight. Her excess weight poses a problem to her possible romantic relationship with Brian Oswald. The world views Gretchens weight problem as hindrance to wider social acceptance. The rest of the world considered her as fat although she might just be plump or chubby but it is also her big size that contributed to this perception. People usually see fat people as lazy or if it is a girl, possibly as a slut too. Being seen as fat had made Gretchen a target of cruel jokes from her classmates; there is also a subtle discrimination against her (Meno

Advertising Campaign among the United Kingdom and Italy Essay

Advertising Campaign among the United Kingdom and Italy - Essay Example As pointed by De Mooij and Keegan (3), advertising culture includes personality, cognition, expression, and emotion, which are all influential in shaping consumer behavior. To be successful advertisers are required to know the similarities as well as the differences of consumers in diverse cultural (3).Cross cultural communication solutions are critical to effective cross cultural advertising for any country, including the United Kingdom and Italy. Services and products are usually designed and marketed at a domestic audience. When a product is then marketed at an international audience the same domestic advertising campaign abroad will in most cases be ineffective.The essence of shock advertising is convincing people that a product is meant for them and shock advertising are all about morality. They usually involve sniffing out, simply for the sake of provocation, the ripest cultural taboo. By purchasing it, they will receive some benefit, whether it be lifestyle, status, convenienc e or financial. However, when an advertising campaign is taken abroad different values and perceptions as to what enhances status or gives convenience exist. These differences make the original advertising campaign defunct. It is therefore critical to any cultural advertising campaign that an understanding of a particular culture is acquired. The problems of communicating to people in diverse culture are one of the great creative challenges in advertising. Communication is more difficult because cultural factors largely determine the way various phenomena are perceived. Its perceptual framework is different; perception of the message itself differs. So, there are some shock advertising features in adapting from culture to culture. In Italy and in the UK shock advertising feeds on the market's inclination to reward the unconventional and take advantage of the media's shifting stand on of public sensibilities. 2. The differences and similarities in the using of Shock advertising. Some brands use shock tactics in advertising to break through ad clutter and make people take notice. The question is whether these shock tactics work or whether they just upset people. Benetton and Barnardo, Calvin Klein and FCUK have all been challenged for being too shocking. Benetton (Italy), its first steps in shock advertising were connected with "multi-racial" theme, the idea of colors, they showed a group, made up of people with different colored skin.(Appendix 1) "It was fantastic, so exhilarating to show the products in such a new and simple way." (13) Then the company uses attitudinal and unconventional advertising to mix political and social issues with their ad messages in their campaigns. There was a genuine interest in human rights and other socially conscious causes: "The purpose of advertising is not to sell more. It's to do with institutional publicity, whose aim is to communicate the company's values. We need to convey a single strong image, which can be shared anywhere in the world."(13) So, Benetton's advertising draws public attention to universal themes. The shocking photographs of Benetton's immaterial advertising had no parallel whatsoever in its material offerings. Not in its brightly colored shirts, not in the atmosphere of its stores and not in its point-of-purchase materials. Sure this contrast was shocking too, but it was shock for the sake of shock (and an immediate cash flow). Sooner or later the initial rush was

Research Four Articles or Develop Tactics for your Public Relations Essay

Research Four Articles or Develop Tactics for your Public Relations - Essay Example s article further continues to show the situation in the institutions of higher learning whereby many stories were written and taken to well know media houses thus creating a good relation with them, but with the technology most people prefer to convey their stories directly to the audience. This article that illustrates the future of public relation jobs argues that the personality, charming nature, and the integration of ones talent, uniqueness, being eloquent as well as endurance to various factors play a big role for the success of public relations ( Kera,2012).All these qualities need to be blended for the success of public relation. The greatest challenge is the blending of these virtues which is leading to the diminishing of public relation jobs, it goes beyond one imagination and one has to be very innovative in order to succeed in this field. Publicity mostly in this industry plays a vital role for ones success. For example, Oprah Winfrey one of the most sought after public relation figures laid down a number of lessons that many people followed leading to their success in their careers. Some of the lessons included the issue of being transparent as well as the aspect of telling the truth about oneself. Another aspect is the issue of being fully knowledgeable t owards the issues you are addressing besides being innovative. Innovativeness tops this list because it is one element that people embrace making it possible to analyze the situations in place. According to this article, the future of public relations jobs is advancing in line with the technological advancements. In addition, the emergence of online blogs as this article illustrates allows some of the public relations departments and firms to extract information regarding the public opinion on some issues which they might have not gained access to or had no prior information about (Georgy, 2011). The development of software for example Bacons media map, allows the public relation professionals and

Solving the Redundancy Allocation Problem using Tabu Search

Solving the Redundancy Allocation Problem using Tabu Search Efficiently Solving the Redundancy Allocation Problem using Tabu Search Abstract The redundancy allocation problem is a common and extensively studied program involving system design, reliability engineering and operations research. There is an ever increasing need to find efficient solutions to this reliability optimization problem because many telecommunications (and other) systems are becoming more complex while the development schedules are limited. To provide solutions to this, a tabu search meta-heuristic has been developed and successfully. Tabu search is a perfect solution to this problem as it has a lot of advantages compared to alternative methods. Tabu search can be used for more complex problem domain compared to the mathematical programming methods. Tabu search is more efficient than the population based search methodologies such as genetic algorithms. In this paper, Tabu search is used on three different problems in comparison to the integer programming and genetic algorithm solutions and the results show that tabu search has more benefits while sol ving these problems. INTRODUCTION of Articles Redundancy allocation problem(RAP) is a popular and a complex reliability design problem. The problem has been solved using different optimization approaches. Tabu search(TS) has more advantages over the other approaches but has not been tested for its effectiveness. In this paper a TS is used to solve a problem, called TSRAP, and the results are compared to the other approaches. The RAP is used for designs that have large assemblies and are manufactured using off-the shelf components and also have high reliability requirements. Solutions to the RAP problem has the optimal combination of component selections. Mathematical programming techniques have proven to be successful in finding solutions to these problems. Unfortunately, these problems have some constraints which are necessary for the optimization process but not for the actual engineering design process. Genetic Algorithms have proven to be a better alternative to the mathematical programming technique and has provided excellent results. Despite this, genetic algorithms is a population based search requiring the evaluation of multiple prospective solutions because of which a more efficient approach to this problem is desired. TS is an alternative to these optimization methods that has been optimized by GA. Its a simple solution technique that proceeds through successive iterations by considering neighboring moves. In this paper the TS method is used on three different problems and the results are compared with the alternate optimization methods. TS is not like GA, which is population based, instead it successively moves from solution to solution. This helps increase the efficiency of the method. The most commonly studied design configuration for RAP is the series parallel problem. The example of the design is shown below. Nomenclature R(t, x) = system reliability at time t, depending on x; xij = quantity of the jth available component used in subsystem i; mi = number of available components for subsystem i; s = number of subsystems; nmax,i = ni à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ nmax,ià ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€š ¬i; C(x) = system cost as a function of x; W(x) = system weight as a function of x; C, W, R = system-level constraint limits for cost,weight, and reliability; k = minimum number of operating components required for subsystem; ÃŽÂ »ij = parameter for exponential distribution, fij(t) = ÃŽÂ »ij exp(à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ijt); Fj = feasible solutions contained on the tabu list; Tj = total number of solutions on the tabu list; à Ã‚ j = feasibility ratio, à Ã‚ j = Fj/Tj . Explanation of the work presented in journal articles The RAP function can be formulated with system reliability as the objective function or in the constraint set. Problem(p1) maximizes the system reliability and problem(p2) maximizes the system cost. The TS requires determination of a tabu list of unavailable moves as it successively proceeds from one step to another. For the series parallel system, the encoding is a permutation code of size à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœi=1 s nmax, I representing the list of components in each subsystem including nonused components. The tabu list length is reset every 20 iterations to an integer value distributed uniformly between [s, 3s] and [14s,18s] for Problems (P1) (s = 14) and (P2) (s = 2), respectively. TSRAP is done through four steps. The first step involves generating a feasible random initial solution. S integers are chosen from the discrete uniform distribution, representing the number of components in parallel for each subsystem. Using this procedure, a solution is produced with an average number of components per subsystem. It becomes the initial solution if feasible, else the whole process is repeated. The second step checks for possible defined moves for each subsystem in the neighborhood. The TSRAP that allows component mixing within the subsystem allows for its first move to change the number of a particular component type by adding or subtracting one. The TSRAP that does not allow component mixing involves changing the number of components by adding or subtracting one for all individual subsystems. These moves are advantageous as they do not require re-calculation of the entire system reliability. The best among the two types of moves that are performed independently are selected. The selected move is the best move available, hence it is called best move. If the solution is TABU and the solution is not better than the best so far solution then it is disallowed and step 1 is repeated, else it is accepted. The third step involves updating the Tabu list. To check for the feasibility of an entry in the Tabu list, the system cost and weight are stored with the subsystem structure involved in the move within the tabu list. The fourth and the final step is checking for the stopping criterion. It is the maximum number of iterations without finding an improvement in the best feasible so far. When reached at a solution, the search is completed and the best feasible so far is the is the TSRAP recommended solution. An adaptive penalty method has been developed for problems solved by TS as they prove to give better solutions. The objective function for the infeasible solution is penalized by using subtractive or additive penalty function. A light penalty is imposed on the infeasible solutions within the NFT region( Near Feasible Treshold) and heavily penalized beyond it. The penalized objective function is based on the unpenalized objective function, the degree of infeasibility and information from the TS short-term and long-term memory. The objective function is for problem 1: Rp(to;x) is the penalized objective function. The un penalized system reliability of the best solution so far is represented by Rall and Rfeas represents the system reliability of the best feasible solution found so far. If Rall and Rfeas are equal or close to each other in value then the search continues, else if Rall is greater then Rfeas, there is a difficulty in finding the feasible solutions and the penalty is made larger to filter the search into the feasible region. Similarly, the objective function for problem 2 is: Cp(x) is the penalized objective function. Call is the unpenalized (feasible or infeasible) system cost of the best solution found so far, and Cfeas is the system cost of the best feasible solution found so far. Discussion of Contributions The most important contribution is that as a result of this paper it is now proved that the Tabu search is a more efficient method that the mathematical programming technique and the genetic algorithms. The penalization method was used which proved to give better results too. As a result of this paper, complex problem domains can now be optimized better using the Tabu search. As a result of this paper, weve come to realize that TSRAP is better in performance and results in greater efficiency than GA although they are almost similar in procedures. Due to the short schedules to find the optimal solution for complex redundancy allocation problems, Tabu search is found to be the most efficient approach. Discussion of Dificiency and Potential Improvements Although an unexploited approach to find the optimal solution has been tried and tested to be efficient, there is potential for future scope. In this paper , the TS approach used is rather simple in a way that few factors that could have been were not incorporated. Features that are normally used such as candidate lists and long term memory strategies which prove to be more effective were not used. The use of these features can prove to be more efficient in complex problems. There are opportunities for improved effectiveness and efficiency by considering the addition of these features to the TS devised  here. Summary TS has previously been demonstrated to be a successful optimization approach for many diverse problem domains. So, TS approach , as a result of this paper has been tried and tested to be more efficient approach to the complex problems domain of the redundancy allocation problem. The use of penalty function in this research has promoted the search in the infeasible region by changing the NFT. In this paper, TS has been tested in three different problems and has provided more efficient results than the other alternative methods. When compared, the TS produces better results than the genetic algorithm method. In spite of this, the use of features such as candidate lists and long term memory strategies could have been to be more effective in complex problem domains. References Bellman, R.E. and Dreyfus, E. (1962) Applied Dynamic Programming,  Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. Bland, J.A. (1998a) Memory-based technique for optimal structural design.  Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 11(3), 319-  325. Bland, J.A. (1998b) Structural design optimization with reliability constraints  using tabu search. Engineering Optimization, 30(1), 55-74. Brooks, R.R., Iyengar, S.S. and Rai, S. (1997) Minimizing cost of redundant  sensor-systems with non-monotone and monotone search  algorithms, in Proceedings of the Annual Reliability and Maintainability  Symposium, IEEE, New York, pp. 307-313. Bulfin, R.L. and Liu, C.Y. (1985) Optimal allocation of redundant components  for large systems. IEEE Transactions on Reliability, 34, 241-247. Chern, M.S. (1992) On the computational complexity of reliability redundancy  allocation in a series system. Operations Research Letters,11, 309-315.  

Religion Essay -- Secularization, Anomy

With a multiplicity of variances among the myriad forms of it which exist and have existed in the past, religion is a difficult topic on which people can come to any mutual agreements, especially regarding its purpose in the lives of human beings. Taking a sociological viewpoint of this phenomenon, Berger defines religion as the human endeavor, stimulated by man's unique biological constitution, by which a sacred cosmos is created for the purpose of establishing a sense of order and meaning within man's life and to protect him against the horrors of nothingness and chaos. Non-human animals enter worlds which are mapped out for them, with limited choices available and secure guidelines by which they must live. Man, however, has an â€Å"underspecialized and undirected† instinctual nature (5), so he must create his own world. This world-building, creating society, occurs in three steps. First, man pours out meaning into the environment which surrounds him and creates culture, a process known as externalization (5-6). The society and all of its parts that he creates, material and non-material, becomes â€Å"objectivated human activity† (11), in that its status as existing apart from the humans who created it changes it into objective reality that men collectively regard as fact. In the final step of world-building, through the process of socialization, man is not only taught the objectivated meanings of his society but â€Å"internalizes† them so that they shape his very consciousness (15). This socially constructed world is †Å"above all, an ordering of experience...a nomos† (19). By externalizing meaning upon an otherwise meaningless environment, transforming those meanings into objective realities, and internalizing them within consciousness, ... ...within the private sphere. The above argument aims to emphasize that religion is a powerful human construction which, in its use of the sacred as validating the world man creates, has the power to detach itself from its human origins and take on a reality all its own. Since man comes into the world with limited instincts and an overwhelming variety of choices to make, religion helps him to construct and maintain a world that gives him a sense of grounding, allowing everything he does to feel more ordered and meaningful than it otherwise would. So thoroughly comprehensive is religion that, even when secularizing forces remove religious legitimations from the overall social world, religion still maintains ordering, meaningful positions inside the private lives of people all over the world, remaining a sacred canopy under which human beings can feel safe and secure. Religion Essay -- Secularization, Anomy With a multiplicity of variances among the myriad forms of it which exist and have existed in the past, religion is a difficult topic on which people can come to any mutual agreements, especially regarding its purpose in the lives of human beings. Taking a sociological viewpoint of this phenomenon, Berger defines religion as the human endeavor, stimulated by man's unique biological constitution, by which a sacred cosmos is created for the purpose of establishing a sense of order and meaning within man's life and to protect him against the horrors of nothingness and chaos. Non-human animals enter worlds which are mapped out for them, with limited choices available and secure guidelines by which they must live. Man, however, has an â€Å"underspecialized and undirected† instinctual nature (5), so he must create his own world. This world-building, creating society, occurs in three steps. First, man pours out meaning into the environment which surrounds him and creates culture, a process known as externalization (5-6). The society and all of its parts that he creates, material and non-material, becomes â€Å"objectivated human activity† (11), in that its status as existing apart from the humans who created it changes it into objective reality that men collectively regard as fact. In the final step of world-building, through the process of socialization, man is not only taught the objectivated meanings of his society but â€Å"internalizes† them so that they shape his very consciousness (15). This socially constructed world is †Å"above all, an ordering of experience...a nomos† (19). By externalizing meaning upon an otherwise meaningless environment, transforming those meanings into objective realities, and internalizing them within consciousness, ... ...within the private sphere. The above argument aims to emphasize that religion is a powerful human construction which, in its use of the sacred as validating the world man creates, has the power to detach itself from its human origins and take on a reality all its own. Since man comes into the world with limited instincts and an overwhelming variety of choices to make, religion helps him to construct and maintain a world that gives him a sense of grounding, allowing everything he does to feel more ordered and meaningful than it otherwise would. So thoroughly comprehensive is religion that, even when secularizing forces remove religious legitimations from the overall social world, religion still maintains ordering, meaningful positions inside the private lives of people all over the world, remaining a sacred canopy under which human beings can feel safe and secure.

What Can We Learn from Luke About Jesus’ Attitudes to Women?

What can we learn from Luke about Jesus’ attitudes to women? In order to discuss what we can learn from Luke about Jesus’ attitudes to women we must first understand a little about Luke himself. According to Charpentier E (1981:81) Luke had been seen as the, ‘beloved physician’, which is also cited in Hayes, M A. and Gearon L (1998:145) whom further state that Luke travelled with Paul from Troas to Philippi in Greece, Paul, (Col 4:14) expressly calls him, ‘the beloved physician’. He was in fact Paul’s medical adviser. Luke’s acts were written in c AD 80.The status of women in Palestine during the time of Jesus was very decidedly that of inferiors. The women is, ‘in all things inferior to the man,’ as stated by first century historian Flavius Josephus (as cited by Jesus central. com). Historically and traditionally, Jewish men did not speak in public to women even to their own wives. However, Jesus never treated women in the expected ways of his culture at all. He talked with them, he taught them and he also expected and trusted them to be able to proclaim the Good News.Jesus therefore acted and spoke as if women and men were equal before Gods eyes. According to churchofgoddfw, Luke’s gospel portrays Jesus as the one, ‘†¦who fully accepted women. Regardless of their social or marital status. ’ It seems that Luke give’s greater prominence to women throughout his Gospel. It is obvious that Mary plays a central role in Luke’s Infancy narrative according to Hayes, M A. and Gearon L. Mary’s role in history was to be an extraordinary one. God chose her to be mother of Jesus Christ. ‘I am the Lord’s servant,’ Mary answered. ‘May it be to me as you have said. (Luke 1:34-38) Though Mary knew she was facing shame and humiliation, in faith, she willingly submitted herself to God’s will. Mary acted in great courage and faith. Jesu s therefore honoured his mother throughout his life and also at his crucifixion. Mary was actually at the foot of the cross where Jesus compassionately let her know that she would be cared for after his death and resurrection. At the same time Jesus rejected the notion of woman’s role within Luke (8:19-21), ‘Now Jesus’ mother and brothers came to see him, but they were not able to get near him because of the crowd.Someone told him. ‘Your mother and brothers are standing outside, wanting to see you. ’ He replied, ‘My mother and brothers are those who hear God’s word and put it into practice. ’ Here it seems Jesus refutes the notion of gender-restricted roles (women have their place). However, here it also seems that Jesus is saying that they do not have favoured status because of their family or gender relationships, rather a relationship with Him is attentiveness and regards for Gods’ Word, according to Gods word to women. org.Through reading Luke’s Gospel, Jesus’ honour and respect was not solely reserved for his mother ‘Mary’. It was extended in fact to all women, which is unexpected as mentioned earlier. Moreover, women became disciples and followers of Jesus (Luke 8:1) Mary Magdalane, Joanna, Susanna and several others journeyed with Jesus on his travels and are also present at his crucifixion; whilst the disciples flee; at his burial and at the tomb on Easter Day according to Hayes and Gearon. They become the first preachers of the Easter message (Lk 24: 1-13).It therefore seems that Luke makes a point that women are the first to come to Easter faith according to Hayes and Gearon and the first to proclaim it. According to Judaic Law, ‘women were not allowed to bear legal witness,’ as cited by Jesuscentral. com. However, the fore mentioned bared witness of the risen Jesus Christ to his disciples. Luke highlights here also that Jesus revealed himself in one o f his key roles according to Jesuscentral. com, ‘as Messiah, to a woman. ’ The Life Light Home Study Course also highlights that Luke emphasizes, ‘the fact that it was women that were the first resurrection evangelists. The fact that it was ‘they’ that returned from the tomb and told the eleven. Does this therefore imply the possibility of a much greater participation of women in the era of the Church? Luke goes on further to highlight how Jesus allowed women to touch him, even women who were considered as ‘unclean’! According to Luke (8:40-56), Jesus touched a dead women, the daughter of a synagogue ruler, and brought her back to life, within the same verse Jesus allowed a women who had been leeding for 12 years to touch his cloak in order that she may be healed. Further to this Jesus allowed a prostitute to touch and wash his feet while dining with disapproving Pharisee (Lk 7:3) In addition to this Luke also has the story of Martha and Mary were Jesus taught that women were just as responsible for, ‘growing in grace and knowledge as men,’ when it came to being one of his followers as cited by Grace Communion International. Therefore, Luke highlights that Jesus expected women as well as men to learn from him.Jesus saw woman as a full-fledged human being, which is indicated here as Mary sat down and listened learning theology, rather than assisting her sister within the kitchen preparing a meal for Jesus. Luke identifies Jesus regard for woman again as he after all taught Mary, when such behaviour was a violation of the established theology. Jesus thus affirmed a women’s right to be a disciple and not to be concerned solely with domestic affairs. Further to this, is another fascinating account according to Luke (13:10-13) when Jesus heals a disabled women on the Sabbath day in the synagogue. he showed his regard for her by calling her a ‘daughter of Abraham’. Jesus was not only faced with the wrath of the Jewish leaders by healing this woman on the Sabbath. This highlights again Jesus regard for women, as he healed someone whom may have been shunned because she was a women and also she was disabled, plus to do so on the Sabbath. In the Acts women are full members of the Church. Luke specifically records that both women and men were baptized (Acts 8:12; 16:15)It seems that more than twice in His parables Jesus used an illustration with a women to illustrate the faith and resolve they were to have: The persistent widow who troubled the judge (Lk 18:2-8) and also the women searching for the lost coin, in which Jesus states, ‘In the same way, I tell you, the angles of God rejoice over one sinner who repents. ’ (Lk 15:8-10). Jesus’s attitudes towards women seem never to have been negative, rather always a positive attitude, which as stated previously is in dramatic contrast to his predecessors and the culture to which he was born into.Concluding that from the evidence cited previously, Jesus as indicated by Luke, promoted the dignity and equality of women in the midst of a very male-dominated society, according to Hayes and Gearon, ‘†¦scholars have concluded that women played a significant role in Lucan communities. ’ Jesuscentral. com takes this one step further as to state that, ‘Jesus was a feminist, and a very radical one. ’ Jesus was therefore a friend of women, promoting the dignity and equality of women which is clear throughout Luke’s Gospel.It seems the prominence of women throughout Luke’s Gospel suggests equality. Indeed theologytoday identifies that the attitude of Luke’s Gospel towards women is, ‘†¦ not so much a totally revolutionary picture of their discipleship as it is an appreciation of their inner resources and ability to centre themselves to receive and act upon the word of God in truth. ’ Word Count = 1354 References Charpenter, E (19 81) How to Read the New Testament. London: SCM Hayes, M A. and Gearon L (1998) Contemporary Catholic Theology: a Reader.Herefordshire: Gracewing Richards, C (2002) Introducing Catholic Theology. Suffolk: Kevin Mayhew The Bible Societies (1976) Good News Bible. London: Collins http://www. churchofgoddfw. com/women/w_leadership. shtml [accessed 22. 05. 12] http://www. gci. org/jesus/women [accessed 28. 04. 12] http://www. godswordtowomen. org/jesus. htm [accessed 19. 05. 12] http://www. jesuscentral. com/ji/life-of-jesus-modern/jesus-feminist. php [accessed 28. 04. 12] http://theologytoday. ptsem. edu/jul1986/v43-2-article4. htm [accessed 22. 05. 12]

Free Essays on 911

On the morning of September 11th, 2001, four Boeing passenger jets were hijacked within an hour by nineteen Arab terrorists armed with box cutters. Pilots among these terrorists took control of the commercial planes and changed course towards targets in New York City and Washington D.C. Two of the planes were deliberately crashed into the nations political and financial centers, causing fires within the towers, which melted the steel support structures, thereby causing the buildings to collapse completely. A third airplane was deliberately crashed into the Pentagon. Passengers on the fourth plane overpowered the hijackers and caused the airplane to crash in Pennsylvania. This was an attack on America planned and directed by Osama Bin Laden as the leader of Al-Qaeda, a previously obscure anti-U.S. international terrorist organization composed of mainly Arabs. This horrible tragedy crippled the airline industry and shook America’s sense of security. After this horrible attack A mericans suffered not only physically but psychologically also. Because of the September 11 terrorist attacks, Americans were affected in five key ways, which in turn will affect American society in the way it responds, reacts, and recovers. The first way that Americans were affected by the 9/11 attacks was the role that the media played by showing detailed coverage to American citizens. This caused Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in some Americans that watched the terrible acts unfold. Jennifer Ahern and Sandro Galea, wrote that â€Å"Exposure to graphic television images may exacerbate psychological symptoms in disaster situations. We tested the hypothesis that more frequent viewing of television images of the September 11 terrorist attacks was associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, and that direct exposure to disaster events had a interactive effect with media viewing (1). We recruited 1,008 adults of the borough of Manhattan of... Free Essays on 911 Free Essays on 911 On the morning of September 11th, 2001, four Boeing passenger jets were hijacked within an hour by nineteen Arab terrorists armed with box cutters. Pilots among these terrorists took control of the commercial planes and changed course towards targets in New York City and Washington D.C. Two of the planes were deliberately crashed into the nations political and financial centers, causing fires within the towers, which melted the steel support structures, thereby causing the buildings to collapse completely. A third airplane was deliberately crashed into the Pentagon. Passengers on the fourth plane overpowered the hijackers and caused the airplane to crash in Pennsylvania. This was an attack on America planned and directed by Osama Bin Laden as the leader of Al-Qaeda, a previously obscure anti-U.S. international terrorist organization composed of mainly Arabs. This horrible tragedy crippled the airline industry and shook America’s sense of security. After this horrible attack A mericans suffered not only physically but psychologically also. Because of the September 11 terrorist attacks, Americans were affected in five key ways, which in turn will affect American society in the way it responds, reacts, and recovers. The first way that Americans were affected by the 9/11 attacks was the role that the media played by showing detailed coverage to American citizens. This caused Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in some Americans that watched the terrible acts unfold. Jennifer Ahern and Sandro Galea, wrote that â€Å"Exposure to graphic television images may exacerbate psychological symptoms in disaster situations. We tested the hypothesis that more frequent viewing of television images of the September 11 terrorist attacks was associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, and that direct exposure to disaster events had a interactive effect with media viewing (1). We recruited 1,008 adults of the borough of Manhattan of... Free Essays on 911 September 11, 2001, will be remembered as one of the most horrific and unbelievable days ever experienced in the United States. The events of this day certainly affect every American, and likely affect every person in the world in some way. Between 7:45 a.m. and 8:10 a.m. EDT - Four airplanes were hijacked from east coast airports. 8:46 a.m. EDT - The first airplane crashed into the North tower of the World Trade Center in New York City. 9:03 a.m. EDT - The second airplane crashed into the South tower of the World Trade Center. 9:43 a.m. EDT - The third airplane crashed into the Pentagon in Washington, D.C.. 10:05 a.m. EDT - The South tower of the World Trade Center collapsed. 10:10 a.m. EDT - The fourth airplane crashed into a field in Somerset County, Pennsylvania. 10:28 a.m. EDT - The North tower collapsed. 5:20 p.m. EDT - A third building at the World Trade Center collapsed. Approximately 260 people died in the four airplanes. Approximately 120 people died in the Pentagon. Approx imately 3,000 people died in the World Trade Center When we look back on September 11, 2001, we think mainly of people. We mourn for the victims of the attacks, we empathize with their families, we honor the rescue workers, and we reflect on our own experience. At the same time, we remember all of the technology of that day the airplanes that the hijackers used as flying bombs, the buildings they damaged and destroyed, and the heavy equipment used in the massive rescue and then clean-up effort. â€Å"As reports circulate that the U.S. is planning to scale down its troop commitment in Iraq, President Bush has vowed that U.S. forces will not leave the region before both Saddam Hussein and Osama bin Laden are captured or killed. In an interview with London's Financial Times published Friday, the president said a U.S. pullout was ‘inconceivable’ in Iraq and Afghanistan, saying troops will remain ‘until the job is done. Period.’ Asked whethe...

Mali Music essays

Mali Music essays The Empire of Mali Introduction In its peak, the people of Mali occupied land as far west as the Atlantic Ocean. They also traveled as far east as Gao, the capital of the Songhai, as far south as the Niger bend, and as far north as the Sahara desert. They built a great empire between 1240 and 1337 that underwent a course of slow decline until the seventeenth century. History The empire of Mali originated from a small country known as Kangaba. Its people where known as the Mandingo (they have also been called the Malinke and the Mandinka). After the breakup of Ghana, the Sosso, who had caused the breakup, were still in power. Apparently Sundiata, an heir to the Mandingo throne raised an army and defeated the Sosso in the battle of Kirina. Afterward, Sundiata established the empire of Mali. He converted to Islam for support of the Muslim peoples. When Mansa Musa came into power, in the early 1300s, the empire reached its height. Mansa Musa traveled through Cairo on his pilgrimage to Me cca. It is said that he gave away so much gold that it dropped in value in Cairo for 12 years. Afterward the empire slowly declined, until, in the 1600s it was no more than it had been originally when it originated: the small kingdom of Kangaba. Government The government of Mali was a dictatorship. The dictator, who had the title of Mansa, was the sole secular and religious leader of his people, though not he did not enjoy the same power as Egyptian Pharaohs did. The base of government was located in the capital, known as Niani. It was once written by a traveler that a person could travel safely without fear of harm, and that the people of Mali hated injustice and the Mansa did not tolerate injustice at all. The military branch of government was constant. There was a standing army of professional soldiers, so that Mali was ready for a battle without having to raise an army every time. Religion The religion in Mali was divided between two groups. The mer ...

Family Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 6

Family Law - Essay Example However, still the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 remains a key legal rule for resolving the disputes developed when having to divide the property on marital breakdown.2 The validity of MCA 1973 could be doubted. Reference should be made to the fact that in 1996, through the introduction of the Family Law Act, the Family Law in Britain was reformed. As a result, the pre-existed legal rules had been absorbed by the above Act in terms that any other similar law would not have power. However, it seems that in practice the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 is still valid. This fact is highlighted in the study of Burton (2003) who notes that ‘for the time being the existing law, now largely contained in the MCA 1973, continuous in force’.3 Moreover, Lord Chancellor noted that the Family Law Act of 1996 is not appropriately customized to current social and judicial needs and for this reason the MCA 1973 should continue in force.4 Regarding specifically the section 25 of the MCA 1973, it should be noted that the above section actually sets the criteria used by the Court for the division of assets in the context of relationship breakdown. The above section is of high importance mentioning indicative the facts on which the Court should be based when having to rule in relevant cases. In accordance with the section 25 of MCA 1973, the decision of the Court in regard to the division of assets in the relationship breakdown can be based on one of the following acts: a) the financial and the physical status of each party/ spouse, b) the role that each spouse had in the accumulation of wealth and c) the age of each spouse. In fact, the age of each spouse indicates his potential to allocate the funds and the means for his/ her survival. It should be mentioned that the criteria set in section 25 of MCA 1973 regarding the division of assets among the

Analysis of PJR Designs Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of PJR Designs - Case Study Example These are the first people who team up to register a company, corporation or a business set up. A majority of entrepreneurial skills enhances survival and copes with the stiff competition in the market. Most of these skills range from unique business strategies, development of consumer products through technology to guidelines for the achievements of the above (Daft, 2010: P 91). They provide guidance to companies, clear objectives, and priorities for successful ventures. Other tasks may entail supervising the acquisition of property, expansion, organization and all powers in disposing of assets. They are in charge of some department in the company and assume everyday administration of the company. In rank, they are below the executives but above the common employees. They possess a high understanding of the working of the company, very skilled in leading the other employees and managing them. They are to supervise, in person or through others, the workforce and make amicable decisions on behalf of the company (Daft, 2010: P 218). He has powers to appoint and fire employees deemed unproductive to ensure positive productivity. The productivity of a company is possible through determination of the number of units produced in a given period. The production responsibility squarely rests upon the production manager. The responsibility for ensuring that all systems are running and meeting deadlines lie to him. Acquisition of orders for production and assigning of personnel to do the job also forms part of his/her work. He gives directions on the work done, and when the need arises, gives recommendations on the staff or the types and kinds of machines required to enhance productivity (Daft, 2010: P 216). The export manager represents the company in the international business phase. The responsibility of attaining targets from international clients lay at his shoulders, and the meeting of deadlines (Tripathi & Reddy 2006: P. 95). The functions of shipping products for export and other modes of ensuring that the products reach the global market in time lies under him.  

Marketing Plan for an Online MBA Program Case Study

Marketing Plan for an Online MBA Program - Case Study Example For instance, a student will not be able to have a class-room or a face to face experience with his/her faculties and could also miss out on those regular industrial trips. Apart from discussing the marketing plan, the other main focus of this report is to provide the advantages of an online-MBA program over an on-site program. To begin, an overview of the Kaplan University are discussed followed by the description of the target markets, competitors, product and services, location, pricing strategy and finally the report concludes with the implementation plan of an online MBA program and a summary. An online-MBA program is ideal for professionals who wish to soar in their careers but cannot afford to pursue a full time course. According to the Manya Group, one can acquire an MBA degree through the mode of distance learning where the interaction with the faculty is almost virtual, with the aid of communication technologies like the internet, email and video conferencing. Kaplan University is one of the many universities which provide online educational programs for those who wish to pursue their masters' degree but do not have sufficient time to attend traditional courses. Kaplan University was founded in 1937 and was formally known as Kaplan College (Kaplan College Reviews). Kaplan University offers top class business education and training for their students and offers more than 300 online Bachelor degree, certificate and diploma programs. According to their official website, Kaplan University focuses on adding a human touch to the high technology of learning online.The next few pages would describe the Marketing Plan for Kaplan University's online MBA program.A marketing plan is a written document that details the necessary actions to achieve one or more marketing objectives (Marketing Plan - Wikipedia, online source). Description of the Target Market Markets can be segmented using a lot of approaches which would include Demographic, socio-economic and psychographic approaches (Adrian Palmer, 2004). According to Adrian Palmer (2004), age is probably one of the most widely used bases for market segmentation. The Target Market for the online MBA course at Kaplan University would be for working professionals, students and even housewives who wish to pursue higher education between the age group of 22 to 60. According to U.S News and World Report, about 50% of current graduate students are over age 30 and nearly 25% are over 40 (Michael Hergert). Fig 1 shows the marketing Ps and centralization of the target market Ways of targeting people for enrollment: With the advent of the internet, e-mail has become an efficient and the cheapest way of targeting a lot of people towards your company but one must be careful of spamming as this could also lead to junk mails (Adrian Palmer, 2004). E-mails can be sent out to these targeted groups informing about the online MBA courses available to them by offering concessions on fees and added advantages of an online educational experience. Other methods could also be done by using radio broadcasts

Employment and Line Management Essay Example for Free

Employment and Line Management Essay †¢1.1 Communication is a vital thing in the workshop, it is very important so that jobs are done productively and correctly. If the communication in the workshop was poor mistakes would Begin to take place and accidents could occur. †¢1.2 The different methods of communication to the line management and colleagues are by talking to one another, team meetings, by telephone and even letters. In busy circumstances its best to use the telephone as its time efficient instead of wondering around searching for people. †¢1.3 The different methods of communication to my and colleagues are by talking to one another, team meetings, by telephone, letters and even hand signals. These are all helpful in different circumstances such as when its extremely noisy in the workshop and a person is on the other side of the workshop, hand signals would be best in that situation. †¢2.1 To plan my sequence of work from the relevant information I am given I find out what materials I require, what tools I need to assist me through the job and what PPE I need to protect me from the dangers. †¢2.2 When starting a new job I firstly look for any mistakes in the drawing, once I am satisfied I then carry on by finding out what materials I require to complete the job and then finally retrieve all of my tools that I need to assist me through the work process until I complete the job. †¢2.3 Work is carried out to the workshop using job plans, risk assessments and all other procedures. The resources that I use are job sheets, shop plans, time sheets and drawings. To reduce carbon emissions, there is an extraction system installed into the workshop. †¢2.4 The way our workshop contributes to a low carbon emission environment is that we have extraction systems built throughout the workshop to keep the emission levels at a low level. †¢3.1 The required relevant documentation that I provide is my time sheet. It shows the amount of hours I have spent on a job so that the consultants can then get a price to give to the customers. †¢3.2 I maintain my drawings and time sheets by keeping them in a locked draw. Time sheets are required to be filled in and complete every week and has to be submitted on a Monday morning before 8:00am. †¢3.3 If I do not ensure that my time sheets are not handed in on time, I will not get paid at the end of the week. With my job sheets, if it’s not complete within the given hours the customer has to pay more as the labour cost raises. †¢4.1 I am very able to work productively to the agreed specification and inline with the line management, colleagues and relevant people involved by finding out if they are pleased with the work produced and the quality. †¢4.2 I find that everyone is equal and that no one should be treated different. People tend to treat apprentices with less respect than others as they are not qualified and think they are not capable. Apprentice or not, people should not be treated different. †¢4.3 To maintain a good working relationship in my place of work I do the work that is asked of me and in the required time and in a good quality. With individuals I get on with them by being polite and cleaning after myself. †¢4.4 I think it’s good to keep a good working relation ship with the line management and colleagues as it doesn’t make it a challenge to talk to them or ask them for any information that is required. †¢4.5 Getting on with the line management and other working colleagues is important because it can make your time there difficult and non bearable. It also doesn’t make it a challenge when needing to ask for information or a specification. †¢4.6 When working with others you must never treat them any different than you would like to be treated. You should never talk down to people or think of them as lower than you.

Science vs. Religion Essay -- Religious Science Creationism Essays

Science vs. Religion Since the dawn of man, humans have striven to explain the many mysteries of the universe, and to justify our existence in it. Throughout this journey of self-understanding, numerous standpoints on human existence have evolved and merged into a complex, abstract manifestation called religion. However, as the human race has grown and advanced itself, many ideas expressed by religion seem less and less plausible. Advances in science and technology have yielded a new breed of human thought that has disturbed and shaken the foundations of religious ideology. Our new, scientifically grounded understanding of the universe has unfolded a plethora of answers to age-old questions, which are antithetical to the explanations offered by religion. As strong scientific evidence has surfaced which is contrary to the prevailing religious view, open-minded believers have adapted their beliefs accordingly, but many fundamentalists refuse to accept scientific evidence. This is the root of the dilem ma between science and religion. Many philosophers and theists have offered their views concerning the ongoing battle between science and religion. Reconciliation between science and religion is impossible, because the claims made by religion and the evidence provided by science are so extraordinarily different. The advance of science has caused many theists to compromise traditional religious beliefs in order to facilitate scientific evidence, thus proving that scientific explanations of the universe are more plausible than the rationales offered by religion. An excellent example of this can be seen in the question of the age of the planet Earth. According to religious theology, the Earth is less than ten thousand years old. However, there is an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence that proves the Earth to be many billions of years old. Many religious thinkers have responded to this evidence, by claiming that the methods used to ascertain the Earth's age are inaccurate. They argue that radioactive dating; a widely accepted method of determining the age of rocks, is inaccurate because there is no available rock sample of a known age, which the method can be calibrated to. However, this argument is obsolete, because the only calibration required to find the age of a rock is the measurement of decay rates, which can be found in the laboratory in... ...ith. Many theists point out that certain aspects of nature are also invisible, such as gravitational fields and magnetic fields (Foster 60). However, a parallel cannot be drawn between the invisibility of these natural phenomenons and the invisibility of god, because these aspects of nature can be measured. God, on the other hand, cannot be proven to exist through empirical evidence. If scientific evidence exists that refutes the teachings of the bible, then why do people believe in religion? Religion gives humanity a sense of security, a sense of individual purpose, and most importantly, brings people together. Arguably the most important aspects of any valid religion is its belief in a code of conduct, a set of moral teachings that define how people should behave towards others. Religion is one of the major ways one generation passes on its values and morals to each succeeding generation. Religion has also been viewed as a way to control the masses. According to Karl Marx, "Religion is the opium of the people" (Microsoft Bookshelf CD-ROM 1998). Despite the scientific arguments that challenge the teachings of religion, religion will always remain an institution in our society.

Malaysians Are Like the Rainbow

Malaysians Are Like The Rainbow * Social Science Essays  (16,747)  Ã¢â‚¬ º * Current Issues  (676) †¦ Twin Towers; tallest in the world, an emblem of Malaysian pride and  Putrajaya; a modern city. All these have proven the competitive spirit of Malaysians†¦ Malaysians are like the rainbow. Seven different colours streaking across the sky. Captivating and pleasant to the eyes. Reminiscent of the bridge that connects both sides of the world. The rainbow reflects upon our country, Malaysia. By looking at the big picture, it is a nation consisting of colourful people and religion.I believe in the true spirit of ‘Malaysia Boleh' and it is not just any MAD hollering in the stadium. It is who we are, Malaysians. Malaysians are undoubtedly capable of achieving their dreams and hopes. Look at what Malaysians have accomplished so far since â€Å"Merdeka†, what we also know as independence or the day this country obtained freedom from foreign powers. For forty fiv e years, Malaysians have recorded many incredible feats along the way. To name a few would be easy, such as the Petronas Twin Towers; tallest in the world, an emblem of Malaysian pride and Putrajaya; a modern city.All these have proven the competitive spirit of Malaysians. What others are capable of, we can do it too. That is what ‘boleh' all about. Moreover, it means that as a Malaysian, you have to play your role in bringing this country a head above the rest. In my opinion, that is what being a Malaysian means. The greatest gift which all Malaysians are blessed with; which most of us do not realize, is that our country is one of the most peaceful places on earth. I am really thankful that I was born a Malaysian.Not in any other country like Afghanistan or being born an ‘untouchable'; the lowest caste in India. I am the most privileged person on earth. I am living in a country that is united, advanced and harmonious. Isn't that great? I feel lucky even till today, as I am†¦ Putrajaya  is a  planned city, located 25km south of  Kuala Lumpur, that serves as the federal administrative centre of  Malaysia. The seat of government was shifted in 1999 from Kuala Lumpur to Putrajaya, due to the overcrowding and congestion in the Kuala Lumpur areas.Nevertheless,  Kuala Lumpur  remains Malaysia's national capital, being the seat of the  King  and  Parliament, as well as the country's commercial and financial centre. Putrajaya was the brainchild of former Prime Minister  Tun Dr Mahathir Mohammad. In 2001, Putrajaya became Malaysia's third  Federal Territory  after Kuala Lumpur and  Labuan. Named after the first  Malaysian Prime Minister,  Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra, the city is situated within the  Multimedia Super Corridor, beside the also newly developed  Cyberjaya.In  Malay/Sanskrit, the words â€Å"putra† or â€Å"putera† means â€Å"prince† or â€Å"male child† (â€Å"girl child† is called â€Å"Putri† in  Sanskrit), and â€Å"jaya† means â€Å"success† or â€Å"victory†. The development of Putrajaya started in early 1990s, and today major landmarks are completed and the population is expected to grow bigger. Putrajaya, which was originally  Prang Besar   , was opened in 1918 as Air Hitam by the British. Its original land space was 800 acres (3. 2  km2), which was later expanded to 8,000 acres (32  km2). Prang Besar later expanded and merged with its surrounding estates such as Estet Raja Alang, Estet Galloway and Estet Bukit Prang.The vision to have a new Federal Government Administrative Centre to replace Kuala Lumpur as the administrative capital emerged in the late 1980s, during the tenure of Malaysia's 4th Prime Minister,  Dr. Mahathir Bin Mohamad. The new city was proposed to be located between Kuala Lumpur and the new  KL International Airport (KLIA). The Federal government negotiated with the state of Selan gor on the prospect of another Federal Territory and in the mid-1990s, the Federal government paid a substantial amount of money to Selangor for approximately 11,320 acres (45.   km2) of land in Prang Besar, Selangor. As a result of this land purchase, the state of Selangor now completely surrounds two Federal Territories within its borders, namely Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya. Planned as a garden and  intelligent city, 38% of the area is reserved for green spaces by emphasising the enhancement of natural landscape. A network of open spaces and wide boulevards were incorporated to the plan. Construction began in August 1995 and it was Malaysia's biggest project and one of Southeast Asia's largest with estimated final cost of US$ 8. billion. The entire project was designed and constructed by Malaysian companies with only 10% of the materials imported. The  Asian Financial Crisis  of 1997/1998 had somewhat slowed the development of Putrajaya. In 1999, 300 staff members of the Pr ime Minister's office moved to Putrajaya and the remaining government servants moved in 2005. On 1 February 2001 Tun Dr. Mahathir declared Putrajaya as a Federal Territory with the ceremony of handing over Putrajaya township from the Selangor state authorities.In 2002, a  high speed rail  link called  KLIA Transit  was opened, linking Putrajaya to both Kuala Lumpur and KL International Airport in  Sepang. However, construction of thePutrajaya Monorail  which was intended to be the city's metro system, was suspended due to costs. One of the monorail suspension bridges in Putrajaya remains unused. In 2007, the population of Putrajaya was estimated to be over 30,000, which comprised mainly government servants. ————————————————- Putra Square From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from  Putrajaya Independence Square) This article  does not  cite   any  references or sources. Please help  improve this article  by  adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and  removed. (December 2009)| The  Putra Square  (Malay:  Dataran Putra) is a  city square  located opposite the Prime Minister's office complex,  Perdana Putra, in  Putrajaya,  Malaysia. The square has been used for festivals such as the Malaysian Independence Day parade. The 300 meter circular Putra Square is bounded by Perdana Putra,  Putra Mosque, Putra Bridge and the Promenade Shopping Mall. ———————————————— [edit]Design Designed as two concentric plazas surrounded by Putra Perdana Park, the circular ceremonial area is an open hard landscape encircled by  Charbaghs, which acts as a transition between the parks and the ceremonial area. Inside the Charbagh is an interplay of paths, water channels, fl ower beds and trees. The Square is divided into 11 segments, in the pattern of an 11-pointed star. The outer 11-pointed star represents the 11 states f  Malaya  when the country gained independence in August 1957, the inner 13-pointed star represents the 13  statesof Malaysia and the 14-pointed star includes the new addition of the  Federal Territory. The progressive arrangements of the different pointed stars finally culminate in a circle at the centre of the Square. The circle symbolises the ultimate goal of unity. ————————————————- [edit]See also ————————————————- Putrajaya Lake From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Putrajaya Lake| | Location| Putrajaya|Lake type| artificial lake| Basin  countries| Malaysia| | | Putrajaya Lake  is located at the ce ntre of  Putrajaya  city,  Malaysia. This 650ha man-made lake is designed to act as a natural cooling system for the city and also for recreation, fishing, water sports and water  transport. On September 26, 2004 the  F1  Powerboat  Championship was held on this lake for the first time (third time hosted by  Malaysia). In 2005 Putrajaya hosted the Asian  Canoeing  Championships. ————————————————- Transport From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia â€Å"Transportation† redirects here.For other uses, see  Transport (disambiguation)  and  Transportation (disambiguation). People walking in front of the  bulk carrierBW  Fjord French  National Police  use several modes of transport, each with their distinct advantages Part of a series on| Transport| Modes| * Animal-powered   * Aviation   * Cable * Human-powered   * Pipeline   * Railà ‚   * Road   * Ship * Space| Topics| * History   * Timeline  Ã‚   * Outline| Transport portal| * v   * t   * e| Transport  or  transportation  is the movement of people, animals and  goods  from one location to another.Modes of transport  include  air,rail,  road,  water,  cable,  pipeline, and  space. The field can be divided into  infrastructure,  vehicles, and  operations. Transport is important since it enables trade between peoples, which in turn establishes civilizations. Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be  roads,  railways,  airways,  waterways,canals  and  pipelines, and terminals such as  airports,  railway stations,  bus stations,  warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and  fuel stations), and  seaports.Terminals may be used both for interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance. Vehicles traveling on th ese networks may include  automobiles,  bicycles,  buses,  trains,  trucks,  people,  helicopters, and  aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode.Passenger transport may be  public, where operators provide scheduled services, or  private. Freight transport has become focused oncontainerization, although  bulk transport  is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but most types cause  air pollution  and  use large amounts of land. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain  urban sprawl. Malaysians Are Like the Rainbow Malaysians Are Like The Rainbow * Social Science Essays  (16,747)  Ã¢â‚¬ º * Current Issues  (676) †¦ Twin Towers; tallest in the world, an emblem of Malaysian pride and  Putrajaya; a modern city. All these have proven the competitive spirit of Malaysians†¦ Malaysians are like the rainbow. Seven different colours streaking across the sky. Captivating and pleasant to the eyes. Reminiscent of the bridge that connects both sides of the world. The rainbow reflects upon our country, Malaysia. By looking at the big picture, it is a nation consisting of colourful people and religion.I believe in the true spirit of ‘Malaysia Boleh' and it is not just any MAD hollering in the stadium. It is who we are, Malaysians. Malaysians are undoubtedly capable of achieving their dreams and hopes. Look at what Malaysians have accomplished so far since â€Å"Merdeka†, what we also know as independence or the day this country obtained freedom from foreign powers. For forty fiv e years, Malaysians have recorded many incredible feats along the way. To name a few would be easy, such as the Petronas Twin Towers; tallest in the world, an emblem of Malaysian pride and Putrajaya; a modern city.All these have proven the competitive spirit of Malaysians. What others are capable of, we can do it too. That is what ‘boleh' all about. Moreover, it means that as a Malaysian, you have to play your role in bringing this country a head above the rest. In my opinion, that is what being a Malaysian means. The greatest gift which all Malaysians are blessed with; which most of us do not realize, is that our country is one of the most peaceful places on earth. I am really thankful that I was born a Malaysian.Not in any other country like Afghanistan or being born an ‘untouchable'; the lowest caste in India. I am the most privileged person on earth. I am living in a country that is united, advanced and harmonious. Isn't that great? I feel lucky even till today, as I am†¦ Putrajaya  is a  planned city, located 25km south of  Kuala Lumpur, that serves as the federal administrative centre of  Malaysia. The seat of government was shifted in 1999 from Kuala Lumpur to Putrajaya, due to the overcrowding and congestion in the Kuala Lumpur areas.Nevertheless,  Kuala Lumpur  remains Malaysia's national capital, being the seat of the  King  and  Parliament, as well as the country's commercial and financial centre. Putrajaya was the brainchild of former Prime Minister  Tun Dr Mahathir Mohammad. In 2001, Putrajaya became Malaysia's third  Federal Territory  after Kuala Lumpur and  Labuan. Named after the first  Malaysian Prime Minister,  Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra, the city is situated within the  Multimedia Super Corridor, beside the also newly developed  Cyberjaya.In  Malay/Sanskrit, the words â€Å"putra† or â€Å"putera† means â€Å"prince† or â€Å"male child† (â€Å"girl child† is called â€Å"Putri† in  Sanskrit), and â€Å"jaya† means â€Å"success† or â€Å"victory†. The development of Putrajaya started in early 1990s, and today major landmarks are completed and the population is expected to grow bigger. Putrajaya, which was originally  Prang Besar   , was opened in 1918 as Air Hitam by the British. Its original land space was 800 acres (3. 2  km2), which was later expanded to 8,000 acres (32  km2). Prang Besar later expanded and merged with its surrounding estates such as Estet Raja Alang, Estet Galloway and Estet Bukit Prang.The vision to have a new Federal Government Administrative Centre to replace Kuala Lumpur as the administrative capital emerged in the late 1980s, during the tenure of Malaysia's 4th Prime Minister,  Dr. Mahathir Bin Mohamad. The new city was proposed to be located between Kuala Lumpur and the new  KL International Airport (KLIA). The Federal government negotiated with the state of Selan gor on the prospect of another Federal Territory and in the mid-1990s, the Federal government paid a substantial amount of money to Selangor for approximately 11,320 acres (45.   km2) of land in Prang Besar, Selangor. As a result of this land purchase, the state of Selangor now completely surrounds two Federal Territories within its borders, namely Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya. Planned as a garden and  intelligent city, 38% of the area is reserved for green spaces by emphasising the enhancement of natural landscape. A network of open spaces and wide boulevards were incorporated to the plan. Construction began in August 1995 and it was Malaysia's biggest project and one of Southeast Asia's largest with estimated final cost of US$ 8. billion. The entire project was designed and constructed by Malaysian companies with only 10% of the materials imported. The  Asian Financial Crisis  of 1997/1998 had somewhat slowed the development of Putrajaya. In 1999, 300 staff members of the Pr ime Minister's office moved to Putrajaya and the remaining government servants moved in 2005. On 1 February 2001 Tun Dr. Mahathir declared Putrajaya as a Federal Territory with the ceremony of handing over Putrajaya township from the Selangor state authorities.In 2002, a  high speed rail  link called  KLIA Transit  was opened, linking Putrajaya to both Kuala Lumpur and KL International Airport in  Sepang. However, construction of thePutrajaya Monorail  which was intended to be the city's metro system, was suspended due to costs. One of the monorail suspension bridges in Putrajaya remains unused. In 2007, the population of Putrajaya was estimated to be over 30,000, which comprised mainly government servants. ————————————————- Putra Square From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from  Putrajaya Independence Square) This article  does not  cite   any  references or sources. Please help  improve this article  by  adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and  removed. (December 2009)| The  Putra Square  (Malay:  Dataran Putra) is a  city square  located opposite the Prime Minister's office complex,  Perdana Putra, in  Putrajaya,  Malaysia. The square has been used for festivals such as the Malaysian Independence Day parade. The 300 meter circular Putra Square is bounded by Perdana Putra,  Putra Mosque, Putra Bridge and the Promenade Shopping Mall. ———————————————— [edit]Design Designed as two concentric plazas surrounded by Putra Perdana Park, the circular ceremonial area is an open hard landscape encircled by  Charbaghs, which acts as a transition between the parks and the ceremonial area. Inside the Charbagh is an interplay of paths, water channels, fl ower beds and trees. The Square is divided into 11 segments, in the pattern of an 11-pointed star. The outer 11-pointed star represents the 11 states f  Malaya  when the country gained independence in August 1957, the inner 13-pointed star represents the 13  statesof Malaysia and the 14-pointed star includes the new addition of the  Federal Territory. The progressive arrangements of the different pointed stars finally culminate in a circle at the centre of the Square. The circle symbolises the ultimate goal of unity. ————————————————- [edit]See also ————————————————- Putrajaya Lake From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Putrajaya Lake| | Location| Putrajaya|Lake type| artificial lake| Basin  countries| Malaysia| | | Putrajaya Lake  is located at the ce ntre of  Putrajaya  city,  Malaysia. This 650ha man-made lake is designed to act as a natural cooling system for the city and also for recreation, fishing, water sports and water  transport. On September 26, 2004 the  F1  Powerboat  Championship was held on this lake for the first time (third time hosted by  Malaysia). In 2005 Putrajaya hosted the Asian  Canoeing  Championships. ————————————————- Transport From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia â€Å"Transportation† redirects here.For other uses, see  Transport (disambiguation)  and  Transportation (disambiguation). People walking in front of the  bulk carrierBW  Fjord French  National Police  use several modes of transport, each with their distinct advantages Part of a series on| Transport| Modes| * Animal-powered   * Aviation   * Cable * Human-powered   * Pipeline   * Railà ‚   * Road   * Ship * Space| Topics| * History   * Timeline  Ã‚   * Outline| Transport portal| * v   * t   * e| Transport  or  transportation  is the movement of people, animals and  goods  from one location to another.Modes of transport  include  air,rail,  road,  water,  cable,  pipeline, and  space. The field can be divided into  infrastructure,  vehicles, and  operations. Transport is important since it enables trade between peoples, which in turn establishes civilizations. Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be  roads,  railways,  airways,  waterways,canals  and  pipelines, and terminals such as  airports,  railway stations,  bus stations,  warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and  fuel stations), and  seaports.Terminals may be used both for interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance. Vehicles traveling on th ese networks may include  automobiles,  bicycles,  buses,  trains,  trucks,  people,  helicopters, and  aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode.Passenger transport may be  public, where operators provide scheduled services, or  private. Freight transport has become focused oncontainerization, although  bulk transport  is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but most types cause  air pollution  and  use large amounts of land. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain  urban sprawl.