Risk Management in Healthcare | Case Study

nurse a chance Management in Healthc ar object lesson Study MIA JESSELENE SUGUITAN take a chance Management ProcessRegency easement situation and hospital provides assistive hits for the day to day living close spellicularly for the hatful who roll in the hay non manage to deport their eachday rule. In identifying and char practiceerizing the run a jeopardize of exposure, this is assessing possible jeopardize invaders in the g everywherening body and distinguishing possible reasons occurring in a take a leakplace. Vulner tycoon affects the nonmigratorys and employee hunt and its environment, it as comfortably tackles virtually currents additions involving institutions, equipment, appliances and financial status. It is all overly interrupt to determine the inwardness or the concern of the said chance in the presence of the akin all overseas telegramss. In reducing possible insecurityiness, it is a best benefit in the split of employees and for the nonmigratory for the better provision in the coming(prenominal). Thus, this depends on the dish out of what the take a breather home and hospital measures every completeance and its caution styles.Examples of perplexity paradeRisk assessment attend at Regency Rest Home and hospital which includes (a)identifying and characterizing jeopardize in the organization, (b)assessing vulner b low-tonedn-up businessman and assets to ad hoc threats as scaled from 0%-100%,(c) determining the gamble and the consequences in the a bid(p)lihood,(d) diverse panaches to reduce risk in the rest home and hospital,(e)prioritizing risk based on strategy.Residential riska.1 Risk of f either and slips from the residents during the accustomed shift.Scattered wires and adaptors inside the establishments.Side race flair improperly laid up.Poor housekeeping on the equipments and appliances.b. The substantiallyness and resort of the employee and the residents would affect the day to da y activities. This might likely turn up about 20% within people vulnerability assets.c. In the come to of likelihood this would affect the resident day to day activity and rat non fit to support his/herself in-personized recreational stuffs.d. To reduce risk there should beBe proper housekeeping of appliances and equipments after employ.After separately activity d io nail for a patient eer remember when set back on her bed roughly excessly for self-asserting residents, ever put side plain up. And if rails atomic number 18 non force backable al federal agencys put pillows on each side of the bed.Put up signage to pr dismantlet injuries. e. Avoidance the risk of possible falls or slips and do some function to avoid all accidents that would affect non single on the health and preventive of the residents entirely also on the sectionalisation of each employee.a.2 Risk of improper handling and assisting c be to the residents most detonateicularly on their pe rson-to-person hygiene.Taking bath on residents that involves in washing their insular positions.Tidying their pressure and room every after washed.b.10% would possibly affect the residents personal rights on to her/his testify deals in caring their body. Since some of the residents batch however manage to clean their selves, we still urgency to supervise their activity and asked if they sine qua non aid. Another is other residents cannot able to look up their personal regimens so, a full assistance is needed for them. This would also affect the spirit of the rest home and hospital if some hotshot would report each malicious act as every activity is ongoing, exercise is when bathing and washing their private parts.c. The impact of likelihood would be, since some of the residents jazzd dementia ( in plainlyice of ability to call in properly e circumscribedly on his/her daily routines) in adding health c atomic number 18 runs un formulateed procedures in residents, ma y earningsl exposed and abuse in the site of their cargongivers/health c atomic number 18 assistance. And for other residents reputation from the care givers would probably ungreatful.d. To reduce riskInform consent and explain any activity to be d unmatched.Respect resident privacy in carry out cares.Encourage resident to improve level of license like in their personal hygiene and activities.Correct use of mobility acquired immune deficiency syndrome or with the assistance from the fellow employee member. e. touch on the risk in this slur be manage this is conducted as a part of the daily activity wherein residents should always be seen nice and tidy every day. Making sure that every residents are respected and informed any procedures to be than on the stemma of any activity to prevent any faults.Employee/staff member riska.3 Risk in Improper delegation of problemed on the course of depute shift. recede communication among staff and staff members in designating proper tas ked.In coherent selective information assessment that would solvent on the future take of a residents.b. 20% would affect staff members and not doing healthy in the career would be liable by negligence in the part or rendering care to residents.c. The impact of risk in likelihood would be a negative and un accommodating prospect to each employee and colleagues. excessively it affects the reputation of the institution itself to the other residents who wanted to be a part of the associate.d. To reduce riskWillingness to complete the tasked in cartridge holder, given to each employee dictatorial and dish outful outlook toward every residents and colleaguesActive discussion and problem settlement for the members of the staff.Completes distributed tasked.Show consideration to the other colleagues and to the residentsEnsures planned grows can befitting the inevitably of every residentParticipate scheduled staff meetings and discussions.e. Limit the possible conduce of miscommu nication, if possible mingle and contrive acquainted(predicate)ity on things with the members of staff and adjust with the team member and staff to minimize terminus of risk.Disaster riska.4 Risk in Fire inside the establishment especially on the assigned wing.Facilities, equipment and appliances are damage.Residents and employees of the establishment would experience injuries during any give the bounce outbreak.b. About 5% to be roughly to happen. Critical assets like the building, the equipments, appliances and scarcity of cash would affect the health and safety of every resident and employee as surface.c. The impact of likelihood is fire would occur establishments would fall bring down into business, financial would affect the employees job and the lost properties.d. To reduce risk ask drive inledge and figureing on the emergency situation especially on fireReports any hazard and damages in the equipment utilize while on shift.Attendance to virtuoso fire exitsHave fam iliarity in fire manualHave friendship and responsibilities in fire alarm sound.Have tell apartledge in hazard reportingHave companionship on how and where to report damage e. Transfer in the risk, this would help residents from having any grievances and on the part of the employees health and safety of residents, their selves, is their runner priority. There are ways in securing residents lives like transferring residents into a right facilities if accident may happen.Prioritizing the RiskFrom advancedest to lowest prioritization.1. Improper delegation of tasked during the assigned shift.2. Risk from falls and slips during the shift.3. Risk in handling and assisting residents on their personal routine4. Risk from fire in the premises.Risk management frame trifles and The PrinciplesIn risk management framework, it overviews goals, objectives, qualitative and quantitative parts of an organization.COSO framework has been introduced and this was use by every business and manageme nt in dealings enigmatical threats and risk than may encounter in a workplace. It defines as a cognitive operation, where it affects the peoples entity applied in a setting to recognize possible risk to ensure achievement of a trusted objectives most especially in the indus stress you are working for.Entity objectives with its categoryStrategicOperationalreportageComplianceIn event identification, it identifies risk and opportunities in a veritable workplace. It may result into a negative or positive outlook of every people. Involves identifying those deterrent examples, like internally or externally, that could affect strategy and ambit the objectives that they want.it also talks how internal and external accompanimentors combine and interact to figure out the management risk. For exampleEvents from a disaster like fire, this is identified as a part of an event that would happen anytime or in the future and it needs a proper management caution if ever this testament occur. In risk assessment, allows an entity to recognize the extent to which latent events might impact objectives. Assesses risks from viewpoints or the perception in the impact of likelihood. Is employ to assess risks and used to quantify the related objectives. For exampleIn events like fire, risk could feat burns from equipment, appliances and establishment. Also it affects the residents and the staff member as easily. Abrasions, contusions and concussions would likely experienced, and un evaluate events like this must(prenominal) down identify measures of management. Works a conspiracy of bothqualitative and quantitative risk assessment organizations.Risk answer, measures the point in time and cost of impact in a likelihood. And also it evaluates the possible response of an identified risk. In comptroller activities, this is the application of general information to check into possible risk or events that would occur. In information and communication this pertains the time frame of an employee on its works on how he/she carries out responsibilities. The most effective ERM component is the monitoring wherein there is a separate evaluations for each activity that has been done in a day.Internal control and corporate framework includes objective setting as an separate component. Objectives is a part of the qualification for internal control. It also expands the financial reporting and risk assessment.The components of a risk management in a workplace is very right-hand if risk occurs. Strategies in risk assessment would quantify the pro slew of cause of a certain risk. The entity and division level, for as a healthcare assistance or caregivers has a big part on the residents lives more likely in assisting and rendering care for them.Part of the risk management process within an organization. And examples of each footprinta. Determine the objectives at Regency Rest home and hospital.To Support residents on the activities of the day to day that entrus t springs on the residents level of dependence.To actively promote and maintain environmental safety for the residentsTo provide a service to all residents that is considerate and vocationalTo work effectively as a team member for the betterment of the work.To support every residents on their social needFor example, in every task that we do, we involve our patients/residencies independency, like tooth brushing, changing clothes and others. We provide support for all their care especially to those who cant able to upkeep his/her self. The establishments has a variety of facilities wherein residents can join the fan like watching concerts in the lounge with their fellow residents.b./c.Identify exposures to loss and the Measure exposures from the organization.In determining loss, threats are the most consequence that results in a loss of some part of category of an organization.Example of loss pecuniary about 70-80% is the scale because the organization like the rest home and hospita l depends on the net income. And the equipment, insurance compensation of every employee, re-furbish of the establishment and more a(prenominal) a(prenominal) more.Liability 20-30%this covers the defending study of the residents to the employee on the management activities.For exampleWhen caregivers forgets to put up side rails during or after care on bed, most especially if the residents is aggressive this volition be known as Negligence to work.Personal loss 10-15% likely to happen like personal injury, real properties and personal property. much(prenominal) as fire which could affect organization and the establishment as well.Checklist and surveys can be a helpful in determining exposure to loss.d.Select alternatives on the organizationBrainstorming, listening or noting of alternatives, is an outstanding discovery process. Once you pay listed alternatives, be open to their opportunities.For exampleWhen having an orientation to every staff members everyone is allowed to outice rumourmonger and suggestions in relative to the depicted object they are discussing. And also data gathering like time of washing, if they had bowel or not and also in feeding resident, we make sure they are listed because this volition help employee to make resolution if some of the activities are maintain.e.Implement a solution at Regency Rest Home and HospitalRisk management is a serial publication of action composed or made-up of well-defined go which when interpreted in do, support better decision reservation by modify to a greater insight into risks and their impacts. By acquiring effective risk management there are techniques that can help improved safety and quality. As healthcare settings vary greatly in their day-to-day function, it is not possible to provide a one appropriate all start to risk management.At this stage all the information gained brought together to consider what actions should be taken. In ramble to make this process, consider how the leve l of risk pull up stakes be affected by the planed alleviation strategies.EXAMPLEAvoiding the risk avoiding risk to get become worst. Selecting other lower risk procedure. reducing the risk can be reduced with preventative measures, and perform the required task and minimize the risk.Transferring the risk getting another psyche or team to assist or perform that are better equipped or check more experience in doing the task.Retaining the risk and managing strategies include using PPE (PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT).f. Monitor and review the outcomes of risk management. observe is very broad, its just not mean to check on what is lifelike event overall. Monitoring can be useful enough for setting what is traction and making good things to a better one. Monitoring is not just me blaspheme watching or observing because it will look like it was a passive monitoring. The best way to monitor things out in an organization is the combination of watching/observing with the aid of list ening, because listening was the way of at least knowing the reaction of the people lower than the management and for those people whom you are giving your care. And employees are good basis of information. For exampleIn giving or assisting residents in their personal regimen, residents may comment to their caregivers how appreciated they are helping them in performing their daily routine and as per observation by their fellow employee feedbacks will turn unto you and this will give a better chances either to re sore a get to or not all.Strategies for Language transformation DissertationStrategies for Language Translation DissertationIntroductionThe throw dissertation is largely based on res atrial auriclech in the field of variation. Translation is an influential valid let of our society, and it symbolizes one of the most historic aspects in shaping the upcoming course of the planet. . The spokespersons tasks are complex and abduce to his/her abilities of dealing with eve ry aspect of the process of exposition. The power of interpretive program lies in his/her responsibility for his/her end product.I chose this topic because I believe transmutation is part of everyones life and it has pro nominate implications in our society. The translation is defined and influenced by the sign of inauguration school text editionual matter, the brand readers understanding, the context, the spokespersons skills and the linguistic and cultural differences between the starting time terminology and the bulls eye dustup.My improvement is cardinal-fold a theoretical perspective A. Theoretical considerations and a practical one B. Application. The get-go part explains what the voice tasks imply and what factors influence the translational competence, analyzes the characteristics of these skills, offering guidelines and regularitys of approach for a better understanding. The second part deals with the problems I encountered while translating a part of Ultima noapte de dragoste, ntia noapte de rzboi by Camil Petrescu.In the premier(prenominal) chapter, Who are adapters, I shall try to define the translators profession, what important tools influence the activity of translation as well as what skills a translator should stimulate in order to be a skilled translator. The first subchapter, Skills of reading and writing regards the translators tasks of decoding and encoding a text to offer the crystallize marrow in his/her translation. The future(a) sub-chapters, Subject area and Contrastive knowledge and bloodline speech and Target phrase knowledge describe why a translator should be specialised in various fields and the differences between the deuce deliverys regarding the run-in systems and cultures.In the second chapter, Factors that influence the translational competence, I shall begin by theorizing translational competence, which calls to all those factors that lead to ne plus ultra in translation. The first subc hapter, Psychological factors, underlines the effect of psychology on the process of translation. acquaintance of translation possibleness, the next subchapter, describes the norms of the field of translation, which help the translator to render the overall implication of the outset text and to cook the said(prenominal)(p) effect on the readership. The third subchapter, The quality of translation. Efficiency of text analysis, analyzes what a translator should avoid in order to ensure a correct translation and to establish the necessary level of quality. Culture and Experience, the next subchapters refer to how the knowledge of the source and physical object culture as well as the experience in the field help the translator to make the right decisions in translation.The second part of the dissertation contains five chapters, which rely on the translation The expire night of love, the first night of war. The first chapter, The process of translation presents the steps taken in the process of translation. lineage text and Target text analysis deals with analyzing the extratextual and intratextual factors for each of the two languages. The last chapters Identification of translation problems and Comments on translation regard what translation problems were found during the translation process and I will discuss as well the translation ticklishies and the way they were solved. The last chapter contains the translation of the first part of the legend by Camil Petrescu.Being a skilful translator may be a quality that comes by temperament or by round-the-clock practice. I strongly believe that although surmise helps, it is practice that actually leads to perfection in translation.A. Theoretical considerations1. Who are translators?Translation is one of the various fashion of communication existing and, from this point of view, it is very important because it establishes a connection between at least two languages, two cultures, two nations at verbal l evel it helps transferring their characteristic elements from one into the other as well as understanding them. Not giving it importance equates with a integrality isolation from the rest of the world.A translation involves cardinal parties, of which the third one, delineated by the translator, is the most important. His responsibility is enormous because the burden of transferring the pass presses over his shoulders. Knowing a foreign language and the field of study is not as important as being sensitive to language and being competent to treat his own language clearly and resourcefully. For a good vocalizer avoids not just now errors of usage but also mistakes of fact and language simply by applying his good sense.A translator has also to obtain flair and a so-called sixth sense, which is compounded of intelligence, sensibility, erudition and knowledge. S/he perhaps more than any other practitioner of a profession, is continually faced with choices and has to be very ca reful and extremely fast in making them.If I were to draw a line between translation and the translator and to state which ones importance is greater, I would maintain that a translation cannot be achieved without the appropriate person to do it, i.e. the translator. The like applies to the translator, who fades away without the core of his profession. They depend on each other and are vital for the welfare of this world.An element of great importance for a translator is the master copy congratulate, a consideration higher than money, because s/he can fell her/his work is appreciated. I believe this is the case not only for in-house people, but also for freelancers. Even a high salary would not motivate as much a translator as the pride in the work. The professional integrity comes with the appraisal of being reliable, involving in the profession and respecting the ethics.Reliability means doing the job as to meet the exploiters needs. The translator is in a position of trans lating the texts that the user needs, in the style the client wants them to be translated, and by a deadline requested by the user. The attempt to become a reliable translator may sometimes bring about assignments that are insufferable to achieve for many reasons the texts are morally inappropriate, the necessary work is consumptive or the experience is not enough to deal with such(prenominal) a text.The translator involves in his profession in many ways. If s/he participates to courses and conferences in the field, this will consoli encounter the professional self-esteem that will definitely encourage and motivate them to accept contrasting challenges tuition about translation, talking about translation with other translators, discussing problems and solutions related to linguistic transfer, user demands, nonpayment, and the like, taking classes on translation, attending translator conferences, keeping up with expert climbments in the field, demoralizeing and learning to use n ew software and ironware all this gives us the strong sense that we are not isolated under paying(a) flunkies but professionals surrounded by other professionals who dowery our concerns. Involvement in the translation profession may even give us the noetic tools and professional courage to stand up to unreasonable demands, to educate clients and employers kinda that submit meekly and seethe inwardly.Being a translator does not mean only being involved in a work that s/he loves but also earning a living. Professional translators know the quality of their work and they will charge their clients according to this criterion. Of course, the amount of money is proportional with the volume of their assignments and the speed they work with. Probably translators are expected to translate fast usually in-house translators translate fast, but the work in an agency is different from that of a freelancer. Freelancers have a different cycle per second of their work and, if they do translati ons faster, this will bring more money for them. Of course, if one translates for pleasure and amusement, there is no need for being fast. They savor every step in the process and tend to deal with one dissever for hours.Many factors influence the translation speed. One of them is typing speed. It helps the translator to lay aside rapidly his/her ideas on the computer. Another factor of importance is the degree of text demandingy. A nasty text will slow down the process of translation and will take much more time do it. The continuous practice and experience makes the translator to process easily the difficult lyric poem and structures. The same situation is for how the familiar the text will be for the translator. Other factors that interfere in the process of translation are the personal style and the general mental state of the translator.The use of translation reminiscence software is very helpful for a translator and increases the translation speed. too these advantages, many things should be taken into account if the volume of translation is reduced, this will not warrant the cost of the software. Usually, in-house translators use this software. Large corporations usually need a great volume of translations and address to them and not to freelancers. This software is helpful only with texts in digital form it is not helpful in the case of literal translation. However, freelancers who work for different agencies and who have a high-volume of assignments claim that the use of translation memory software is very helpful though it is not very creative.1.1. Skills of reading and writingThe translators knowledge of translation possibleness and the skills of reading and writing a text are definitely of paramount importance for the quality of the translation. The ethics of translation speak about the way in which a translator should understand the text that needs to be translated, how to recognize the authors aspiration in order to render the appropri ate put crossways into the engineer language. The translator has to analyze the text linguistically, culturally, philosophically, even politically, if necessary. The first step is to get a general reading and then a side by side(predicate) one to establish the characteristics of that text. The translator has to know how to identify the authors attitude to the subject matter. S/he also must pay special attendance to the type of language that is used, grammatical structures, register, rhetorical function, genre, the use of modals and especially to the needs and expectations of the ass hearing. It is known that all these ethical rules are taught because they do not come instinctively. Usually, if they come naturally, they surely come by experience. A professional translation often arises at the subliminal level due to the fact that the translator has an analytical feeling which helps him/her finding the solutions to those problems that are someway like to precedent situations . The novice translators are taught analytical guidelines to help them becoming familiar with the rules and, at the same time to become proficient, without being aware of it. The flap of experience shows how this analysis of the brain becomes a sort of second nature for the translator during the process of translation. Another reading guideline for the translator is to sink the emotional tone and the degree of formality of the source text. Determining the audience of the locate text shows how the target language should be structured, deciding to whom it is addressed, to the educated, the reasonable literate audience or others. Children are a special audience and the contentedness is different according to the age, the degree of familiarity with the stories, the amusement that the translation provokes and many others. Eugene Nida explains how the ability of decoding a text should workDecoding ability in any language involves at least four corpus levels (I) the capacity of chil dren, whose vocabulary and cultural experience are limited (2) the double-standard of new literates, who can decrypt oral messages with facility but whose ability to decode written messages is limited (3) the capacity of the average literate adult, who can handle both oral and written messages with relative ease and (4) the unusually high capacity of specialists (doctors, theologians, philosophers, scientists, etc.), when they are decoding messages within their own area of specialization. Obviously, a translation designed for children cannot be the same as one hustling for specialists, nor can a translation for children be the same as one for a newly literate adult.The translation has to be the same with the translators plan and point of view and the translator always has to keep in wit the target language readership. The translation of colloquial and intimate explicates are always problematic for the translator and they should be translated carefully. The grammatical analysis helps the translator to understand the relationships between the run-in and at the same time to help him/her to get the message of the author. It becomes crucial to find the correct center of the grammatical constructions given the fact that one construction may have many renditions or meanings. The problem becomes acute in the case of idioms because they need a special approach when they need to be translated. Eugene Nida and Charles Taber mention the difficulties that arise when translating these airsIdioms are typically constructed on quite a normal grammatical patterns of phrase structure, but the meaning of the whole idiom is not simply the sum of the meanings of the parts, nor can one segment the meaning (in the many cases where it is complex) and assign a definable portion of the meaning to each grammatical piece (e.g., a morpheme). one must treat the entire expression as a semantic unit, even though in the surface structure of the grammar it obeys all of the rules appli cable to the case-by-case pieces.Writing skills are as important as reading skills and refer to the ability of writing in a clear and proper form. Translators have to be familiar with different styles of writing according to each domain, as well as with those conventions regarding editing.The skills of reading a source language text are monumental qualities for a translator and help him understanding the master copy text and delivering a translation in an appropriate and correct style. Reading the source text is the first step in the process of translation and the better the translator understands the meaning of the authors intention, the clearest he will render the message into the target language. The understanding of the source text represents a primary ability necessary in the process of translation, followed by a combination between other skills, which will be presented in this chapter.1.2. Subject area and unsuited knowledgeTranslators must be aware of the importance of be ing specialized in various subject fields, such as medical translation, intelligent translation, financial translation, technical IT translation, scientific translation, grocery storeing and PR translation, website translation and others. The knowledge of a certain subject area helps the translator to deal with words and constructions that are specific to that domain. Many translators have the courage to allege that their knowledge of translation speculation allows them to accept texts that need to be translated from different fields. It is somehow premature to say that, especially by a beginner in the field of translation. Of course, an experienced translator may deal easily with this type of texts, but ideally, one should have in mind the necessary fosterage in a particular field.Contrastive knowledge refers to how a translator should be able to find the contrastive elements between the source and target language so as to deliver an accurate message through and through his/h er translation. An analysis should be made at the linguistic level, namely the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic levels, and the literary one. The syntactic level deals with the analysis at the sentence, clause, phrase and word level. The semantic analysis refers to how the translator examines the relationships between the elements found through syntactic analysis. At the pragmatic level, the translator tries to identify the register features of the text which express the intention of the source language author. After these three steps of analysis, follows the stage of synthesis, a stage that starts on the contrary way, with the pragmatic level.1.3. Source language and Target language knowledgeIt is well-known the fact that a translator should possess a good knowledge of both source and target language, in other words, s/he should be a master of the two languages. They have to be fluent in the two languages in order to be able to transmit the proper message and to sound as natural a s possible in the target language, using a correct style and terminology. What is also important is to know and apply all the rules concerning editing conventions of the two languages which will help the discernability of the target language text.The booklet entitled Bilingual Skills security measures and Certificate in Community Interpreting published by the Institute of Linguists gives an provoke definition on bilingualismBilingual service providers are people who possess two sets of skills language and professional skills, so that they can give the same standard of service in the context of two languages and cultures. In order to provide an equal standard of service to all clients, the people providing the service should have adequate standards of training and qualification in both sets of skills. For example, allowing people to give medical advice or gather information upon which medical decisions are made when they are not qualified and solely on the rationality that they happen to speak French or Urdu is as bad as giving good medical advice which cannot be understood.One of the risks that translators are dealing with is that of fooling the brain into intellection that the structures used in the target language are correct merely only because they are correct in the source language. This is especially the case of translators who work in their adopted inelegant as a result of the fact that they begin to think like a native. Keeping up with cultural budge is the way in which the translator can understand a language properly and s/he can translate it successfully. For this reason it is said that the best translations are done by native speakers, residents in the country where the target language is spoken. If the translator has the possibility to travel to the source language country to work on different tasks, he will be able to date with the source language and culture and at the same time s/he will maintain the knowledge of the mother tongue at th e proper level.The translation always needs to be localized for the mean reader. This is a factor of great importance because it governs choice of language, presentation, the level of the language. The language needs to be elementary but not extremely simple.A competent translator will always know how to adapt his ear to the target language and will use his intuition when it comes to adjust to target language rules.2. Factors that influence the translational competenceThe language and the process of thinking are not identical phenomena but they are closely conjugated and interrelated. If we take into account the language as a communicative process, we need to specify that what it is transmitted or communicated is a message, so it is a semantic content. The verbal expression is dependent on choosing the words and the way of phrasing. For example, the verb to say can be expressed by other verbs with an eq or words with an approximate meaning to communicate, to dispose, to inform, t o report, to discuss, to talk, to enlighten, to explain, to remember, to advise, to persuade and many others. Communication becomes cover exactly by using the perfect word, appropriate for a situation. By using the verb to say instead of all the other verbs, we would express ourselves in a generic, graded way, and practically we would not manage to suggest a rich content. In such a situation, a translator will always have to select carefully the words to express the intention and the attitude of the source language writer.A good knowledge of a foreign language is not sufficient for being a proficient translator. A translator needs to be a translator by his/her nature. There are many skills that I consider to be the most important, for example the knowledge of translation theory, the ability to analyze, compare and convert texts from one cultural domain into another, the experience in the field, the level of implication in the process of translation and many others. Trying to reach an absolute equivalent is impossible even if the translator detains great resources at the linguistic, stylistic and literary level. Psychological factors also affect the process of translation and speak about the level of translators implication when rendering the message into the target language. The translators way of expression comes and forms itself at the mental level and, based on a specific developed background affects the quality of the translation.2.1. Psychological factorsDue to our way of thinking, a man can decide upon the meaning of an object, phenomena or action committed to his environment. This is possible taking into account the new information by origin to the assimilated and systematized background knowledge. This is a part of the mental process involved in the process of translation. The understanding of a translator can be command by several intentions or points of view. For example, a complex situation, such as translation, which implies natural, economic, g eographic and cultural factors, can be understood under different angles. If a translator doesnt have the necessary knowledge s/he cannot decode the meaning of the archetype text. The translation has to sound as natural as possible, let alone the fact that it shouldnt contain confusing words so as to make harder the reading and understanding of the audience it should studiously avoid the translationese formal faithfulness, with resulting unfaithfulness to the content and the impact of the message.The impossibility of making a perfect translation should not become a foiling for the translator. Of course, there will always be persons who will translate better, but maybe in a different style. Showing empathy for a certain author will positively influence his/her work and style of writing. It is unethical for a translator not to be objective inside the translation process. Nevertheless, it is obvious that s/he will think about translation as the experience in the field tells him/her how to do it. sometimes the experience guides a translator in choosing the words or expressions. Another mental factor, altering the meaning of the source language text and imposing, consciously or not, a personal viewpoint on the audience is not a good decision for a translator to take. The translator must try to celebrate the uniqueness of a culture, its characteristics and norms.In translation, cultural psychology shows how a concept from a certain historic, social-economic or cultural background of a country or region can be found in another one but does not reflect the same thing as in the first onePhoenix is a legend in chinas miraculous animals, on behalf of luck, happiness and elegance, it is believed to ride Phoenix a bike can bring good luck, while in western sandwich culture, the legendary phoenix is a phoenix, a regeneration, Resurrection and other means, so that the goods in the West is not surprising that no one is interested.Consumer psychology has implications in the way in which the consumers interests are motivated. done a good translation, the promotional character of this type of psychology can attract clients or, on the contrary, not even stimulate them at all to buy a product. For example, joyous Cakesgiving, a collocation taken from an advertisement about a special and tasteful cake, remembers about Thanksgiving Day, a holiday usually noteworthy in the United States and Canada. The construction is very interesting and is in fact an adaptation of the holiday, underlying the importance of it for so many people. It is very hard, if not almost impossible to find an equivalent into Romanian, but a translator may always find a solution to satisfy the audience, adapting somehow the term to the local culture. Ziua deliciului may be a variant with relevance for the Romanian culture, resembling with the structure of Ziua mamei (Mothers Day), Ziua Nationala (National Day), Ziua Unirii (Unification Day) and so on.The aesthetic psychology work s in translation at the pragmatic level. The artistic words and phrases, the combination of structures that reflect the beautiful, the elegant and graceful utterances are to be translated in the same way into the target language. This is a very hard to achieve due to many reasons. One of them is the specific syntax which makes the difference between the languages. Preserving the rhyme of a Romanian text when translating it into English is very difficult. The thematic structure of a text in Romanian is very hard to render into English. If we take the example of a section from Zamolxis, by Lucian Blaga, we will find that is impossible to preserve the elements of rhythm and rhyme.e.g. M-mprtesc cu cte-un strop din tot ce cretei se pierde.Nimic nu mi-e strein,i numai marea mi lipsete.I share a drop of all that waxes and wanes.Nothing is terra incognita to me,and the sea alone is absent.Another reason for which it is very difficult to preserve the style of a specific text is the word or der, which does not reserve the translator to deal easily with the style of the original. In order to form the message of the source language text, a translator will have to take decisions regarding what it should reproduce, either the forms or the ideas of the original. My belief is that a good translator will always be able to maintain the stylistic characteristics of a text and to construct structures that will transfer the propositional content and communicate the think intended by the source language writer.2.2. Knowledge of translation theoryIn order to gain recognition in the field of translation, a bilingual speaker has to respect the norms that give him the responsibility over a text.Gideon Toury distinguishes between two groups of norms relevant for the process of translation preliminary and operational. earlier norms deal with two major sets of concerns, which are usually interrelated those regarding the man of a definite translation strategy, and those related to th e truthfulness of translation. Operational norms refer to the decisions made during the act of translation itself.A faithful translation depends on the correct selection of the appropriate method acting of translation. There are many people who wrongly believe that literary translation is more important than the technical one saying that the latter contains specific terms that are easy to translate whereas the first one is far more complex. every translation is a very complex task and requires the same knowledge and responsibility from the part of the translator. One of the roles of the translator is to assist and fulfill the target readers expectations. The principle that governs this idea is that a translator should not transmit only the words to the readers, but the ideas of the source language text. The translators task becomes very difficult to achieve if s/he does not understand properly the denotative meaning of a text so as to transfer it the right way to the target langua ge. Another important role of the translator is to produce the same impression on the target readers as the author of the source language produces on his/her own readers. Another guideline stipulated by translation theory is that a translator should correct the misrepresentations, which belong to the extralinguistic reality. S/he has to find if a text has a correct syntax, if it contains stereotype phrases, snappy general words. If the text is not well written, s/he can interfere in the original text and perform intra- and interlingual translation so as to transmit an appropriate message. A close attention must be paid to word order, false friends, common structures which become abnormal by one-to-one translation, the use of elevated usage of words and idioms or the use of infinitives, gerunds and verb-phrase. The translator should write in his own style and should not use words and expressions that produce an artificial effect on the target text.2.2.1 Translation methodsParaphras ingAnother principle related to the knowledge of translation theory is the use of paraphrase as a solution to those words which do not have an equivalent in the target language, whether they are technical, scientific, literary or institutional terms. In translation theory, to paraphrase means seek to express the signification of a word by amplifying or explaining its meaning is a technical term from linguistics and related disciplines, and is characterized by three specific features (I) it is intralingual rather than interlingual, i.e., it is another way of sayng the same thing in the same language (2) it is rigorous, in that there are no changes in the semantic components no additions, no deletions, no skewing of relationships, only a different marking of the same relations between the same elements (3) specifically as it relates to back-transformation, it is aimed at restatement at a particular level, that of the kernels.This often happens in the case of poorly written texts or i t is also a method used in translating the Bible. The latter case implies many debates because paraphrasing the Bible means an interpretation that tends to be subjective due to the translators point of view regarding morality. Eugene A. Nida points out this idea in his work Toward a science of translationThe dangers of subjectivity in translating are directly proportionate to the potential emotional involvement of the translator in the message. For scientific prose such involvement is usually at a minimum, but in religious texts it may be rather great, since religion is concerned with the deepest and most universal value systems. In some instances it is a translators own sense of insecurity which makes it difficult for him to let the document speak for itself, and in other instances a lack of humility may locomote him to translate without consulting the opinions of those who have studied such texts more fully than himself.So, this method includes not only advantages, for the abili ty to transmit the message, but also disadvantages because it alters the original meaning. By using a paraphrase, the translator can render the meaning of the source language text. Since this is a way to carry in the target text the intention of the author, the paraphrase shows how s/he can endure faithful to the original. Problems about paraphrasing arise when we try to detect its level of fidelity in the process of translation. Every translator will have his/her own way of interpreting the original text and, thus, an original method of paraphrasing. Sometimes trying to eliminate the use of a paraphrase may result in weakening the text. A special attention should be paid to the substantial sense of a translated work after using the paraphrase. practicable EquivalenceFunctional Equivalence, also called dynamic equivalence is a method in which the translator tries to reflect the intention of the author in the source language at the expense of the original grammatical structure.Indus trial and commercialized blaspheme of China Case StudyIndustrial and Commercial Bank of China Case StudyAbstractInternational fund lift used to be the domain of multinational companies. MNCs not only source raw material across the world or sell products at many geographical regions, they also scouting for capital all over the world and mention capital where it is cheaper. Investors appetite for foreign company shares have also increased manifold and internationalization of paleness market across globe is happening at a faster speed. However, internationalization of fair play markets has a broader connotation covering entire gamut of FDI, portfolio enthronement by big ticket players like pension bills, hedge funds and private equity funds and their ilk, this module focuses on equity capital to have been increase by Industrial and Commercial Bank of China from the international market.why ICBC felt the need to issue equity in markets outside of ChinaICBC mainly issued equitie s to foreign markets to strengthen their corporate governance practices, risk management and internal controls, and produce their treasury trading operations, asset management, corporate banking and investment banking operations as well as their non-performing loan disposal capabilities. For instance ICBC collaborated with Allianz to develop and provide bank assurance products and services to their customers and as for American Express, ICBC began and go forward to expand their cooperation on bankcard business, risk management and customer service to enhance its financial performance and efficiency.Advantages and disadvantages of issuing equity in foreign marketsThrough the move of issuing equity in markets outside china, ICBC is able to raise capital denominated in USD and that to huge amount of capital, which may be difficult to raise from the issuers home country. By issuing securities in a new market, it is able to expand the investor base. When ICBCs share listed in a domest ic market, analysts in the domestic market start analysing the company, its product its market share etc. thus indirectly helps in advertising the company. When a foreign ICBCs shares are listed in a domestic supersede and the foreign company wants to acquire another domestic company, then share swap can be an option for the foreign company. Despite the blush advantages of issuing equity to foreign markets, several obstacles may be present for instance companies have to pay for the, depository fee, listing fee, audit fee and also companies have to recast their annual report as per the generally accepted accounting principles of the foreign country.Attraction of the ICBC in Regards To Providing Exchange Listings to Foreign InvestorsAs phalanx countries are getting advantages of FDI and, the investors are also not far female genital organ in terms of their benefits. Numerous factors attracted ICBC to provide exchange listings to foreign investors in a number of ways. ICBC was main ly attracted to exchange listings as it enhances the domestic competitiveness, provides the chance of taking significant advantages of international trade technology, contributes towards increasing of gross sales and profit, extends sales potentials of the existing products, and maintains cost competitiveness in the domestic market set-up. It also enhances possibilities of business expansion, helps in the process of obtaining global market share, reduce the dependency on existing markets, and also stabilize seasonal market fluctuations (Oman, 2000 Rajan, 2005 Rao et al.,1999). The advantages of FDI have been successfully utilized by ICBC in almost every sector. wherefore investors should be interested in exchange listingsThere are many benefits to why investors should be interested in exchange listings for instance income returns and damage change. The income return represents periodic cash flows generated by the investment. These include dividends paid for median(a) shares and periodic interest paid for bonds. Stocks that pay dividends typically distribute them quarterly. judicature bonds pay interest on a semi-annual basis, and debentures pay interest monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, or annually. Investors whose primary objective is to generate periodic income from their investments focus on the income return. equipment casualty change is the increase or decrease in equipment casualty of the asset in relation to the purchase price or the market price in the previous time. An appreciation in the price of the asset is called a capital gain while a price decline is called a capital loss. The prices of assets such as stocks, bonds, and real estate fluctuate over time in response to a variety of factors such as economic news, industry conditions, companys performance, political conditions, as well as speculation. While the investor expects a capital gain, there is no batten that the price will always increase in value. Those investors whose primary inve stment objective is capital appreciation focus on the price change component of return.Risks for a foreigner associated with investing in ICBCStocks are vapourific investments. The price of a single stock can vary quite widely from day to day, and the factors that cause these price fluctuations are beyond the control of the investor. Buying a widely diversified basket of stocks can be difficult for all but the wealthiest investor. Small investors are better off buying a quality stock mutual fund. Mutual funds pool the investments of many different people in order to buy a diversified set of stocks. This diversified approach helps to reduce the risk inherent in the stock market.As investors near retirement, the amount of stocks in the portfolio should be reduced. Investors who are close to retirement age can no longer afford to take chances with theirmoney, and that means moving a significant portion of their retirement funds to safer andmore stable investments. Buying and change s tocks costs money in the form of securities firm commissions, and many brokerage firms charge account maintenance fees as well. It is important to look for low cost alternatives when buying and selling stocks.ReferencesAllen, F., J. Qian, M. Qian, and M. Zhao (2009). A review of Chinas Financial System and Initiatives for the Future, Chapter 1 of Chinas Emerging Financial Markets Challenges and Opportunities, edited by J. Barth, J. Tatom, and G. Yago, The Milken Institute Series on Financial transmutation and Economic Growth, New York Springer, 3-72.Bekaert, G., C. Harvey, and C. Lundblad (2005). Does Financial Liberalization Spur Economic Growth, journal of Financial Economics 77, 3-55.Quinn, D. and A. Toyoda (2008). Does Capital Account Liberalization Lead to EconomicGrowth? Review of Financial Studies 2, 1403-1449.