Thursday, August 27, 2020
What Is Adaptation Essay Example for Free
What Is Adaptation Essay Adjustment in like manner sense is a framework response of creature which gives probability of a wide range of social movement and indispensable capacities. In different sources we can discover a definition that adjustment is totality of responses of live framework, which bolsters its useful steadiness during the time spent changes in states of condition. It tends to be likewise called plastic convenience of inside changes to outside changes too. Procedures of adjustment are aimed at supporting of solidness within life form and among living being and condition and are associated with self-protection of useful degree of self-managed framework and with decision of useful system of accomplishment the point. By psychical adjustment we comprehend consistent procedure of dynamic adjustment for human clairvoyants to states of physical and social condition which encompasses him, and furthermore the aftereffect of this procedure. To depict the procedure of adjustment we use likewise term â€Å"adaptation abilities†. Psychical adjustment incorporate degree of real change of an individual, level of his economic wellbeing and self-sentiment of fulfillment or disappointment without anyone else and his life. Tactile adjustment is clarified by change in capacity to respond at changes in condition with assistance of tangible framework, basing at the normal degree of boosts, which encompasses us. For instance, we feel the temperature of water as cold for the initial a few minutes, and later we discover it not all that cold, despite the fact that temperature didn’t transform: it is at a similar level, yet our creature was adjusted to this temperature and our receptors discovered this temperature as â€Å"normal†. It is adjustment. At the point when we are in fragrance shop and smelling various types of aromas, our nose looses it affectability after difference in a few scents †we really feel smells however we are adjusted to them and we can't differentiate between them.  When we stroll at night, our eyes are step by step adjust to dimness, and keeping in mind that the sun sets, we can find in the murkiness †however when we go out from live with brilliant light into the haziness, it takes some effort to adjust to obscurity after difference in introduction. Tangible frameworks are apprehensive components, which fill in as recipients of signs, advising about changes in condition, which encompasses the subject (extroreception) and in his living being (intrareception). We became accustomed to recognize five primary outer tactile frameworks, which get tangible data: cutaneous affectability (contact), sight, smell, taste, and hearing. These faculties present out premise of information about condition. Indeed, we have a greater amount of these frameworks (just cutaneous affectability causes feeling of cold, pressure, hot, torment, and so forth). Tangible frameworks comprise of receptors, apprehensive conductors and operational hubs. Each tangible framework gives sensation which is exceptional to it as it were.
Saturday, August 22, 2020
A Countrys Shape Can Impact Its Fortunes and Destiny
A Country's Shape Can Impact Its Fortunes and Destiny A countrys limits, just as the state of the land it envelops, can introduce issues or help to bring together the country. The morphology of most nations can be partitioned into five primary classes: conservative, divided, stretched, punctured, and distended. Peruse on to figure out how the arrangements of country states have affected their predeterminations. Conservative A conservative state with a roundabout shape is the least demanding to manage. Belgium is a model in view of the social division among Flanders and Wallonia. Belgiums populace is partitioned into two particular gatherings: The Flemings, the bigger of the two, live in the northern locale called Flanders-and speak Flemish, a language firmly identified with Dutch. The subsequent gathering lives in Wallonia, an area in the south, and comprises of the Walloons who communicate in French.â The administration some time in the past isolated the nation into these two locales, giving each command over its social, phonetic, and instructive matters. Despite this division, Belgiums conservative structure has assisted with keeping the nation together in spite of various European wars and assaults by neighboring nations. Divided Countries, for example, Indonesia, which is made out of in excess of 13,000 islands, are known as divided or archipelagic states since they are made out of archipelagos. Administering such a nation is troublesome. Denmarkâ andâ the Philippinesâ are likewise archipelagic nations isolated by water. As you would expect, the Philippines has been assaulted, attacked, and involved various occasions throughout the hundreds of years because of its divided shape, beginning in 1521 when Ferdinand Magellanâ claimed the islands for Spain.â Prolonged A prolonged or constricted country such as Chile makes for troublesome administration of fringe territories in the north and south, which are from the focal capital of Santiago. Vietnam is additionally an extended state, which has combat various endeavors by different nations to partition it, for example, the 20-year Vietnam War, where first French and afterward U.S. powers attempted ineffectively to keep the southern piece of the country isolated from the north. Punctured South Africaâ is an exemplary case of a punctured state, which surrounds Lesotho. The encompassed country of Lesotho must be reached by experiencing South Africa. On the off chance that the two countries are unfriendly, access to the encompassed country can be troublesome. Italy is likewise a punctured state. Vatican City and San Marino-both free nations are encircled by Italy. Projected A projected, or beg nation such as Myanmar (Burma)â or Thailand has an all-inclusive arm of an area. Like a stretched express, the beg confounds the executives of the nation. Myanmar has existed in one structure or other for a huge number of years, for instance, yet the countrys shape has made it an obvious objective for some different countries and individuals, dating to the Nanzhao realm in the mid-800sâ to the Khmer and Mongol empires. In spite of the fact that it is anything but a country, you can get a thought of how hard it is protect a distended nation on the off chance that you picture the province of Oklahoma, which has an unmistakable beg.
Friday, August 21, 2020
How Insects Attract a Mate
How Insects Attract a Mate In the event that youve invested any energy watching creepy crawlies, youve most likely unearthed a couple of woman scarabs or flies consolidated in the throes of affection. When youre a solitary bug in a major world, finding an accomplice of similar animal groups and the other gender isn't generally that basic. So how do creepy crawlies discover a mate? Unexplainable adoration Visual Signals A few creepy crawlies start their quest for a sexual accomplice by searching for or giving obvious prompts or signals. Butterflies, flies, odonates, and glowing creepy crawlies utilize visual signals frequently. In some butterfly species, guys spend a significant part of the early evening time watching for responsive females. Anything that appears as though a female might be examined, particularly if the item is an ideal shading and buoys like a butterfly, to acquire an expression from Muhammed Ali. Numerous types of flies roost in a spot that gives an away from of the territory. The fly sits, looking for any flying item that may be a female. On the off chance that one shows up, he rapidly takes off and reaches. In the event that his quarry is without a doubt his very own female species, he accompanies her to a suitable spot for mating-maybe a leaf or a twig close by. Fireflies might be the most popular creepy crawlies that tease utilizing visual signs. Here, the female imparts the sign to bait a male. She flashes her light in a particular code that tells passing guys her species, her sex, and that she is keen on mating. A male will answer with his own sign. Both male and female keep on blazing their lights until they have discovered one another. Serenades of Love-Auditory Signals On the off chance that youve heard the trill of a cricket or the melody of a cicada, youve tuned in to creepy crawlies requiring a mate. Most creepy crawlies that cause sounds to do as such to mate, and guys will in general be the crooners in species that utilization sound-related signs. Creepy crawlies that sing for an accomplice incorporate Orthopterans, Hemipterans, and Coleopterans. The most popular singing creepy crawlies must be the male periodical cicadas. Hundreds or even a great many male cicadas gather in a zone subsequent to rising and produce an ear-parting ensemble of melody. The cicada chorale as a rule incorporates three unique species, singing together. Surprisingly, the females react to the tune and can discover mates of similar species from inside the riotous ensemble. Male crickets rub their forewings together to create a rough and uproarious melody. When he baits a female near him, his tune changes to a gentler romance call. Mole crickets, which are ground inhabitants, really develop exceptional passage burrows molded like amplifiers, from which they intensify their calls. A few creepy crawlies basically tap on a hard surface to deliver their affection calls. The passing watch scarab, for instance, hits his noggin against the top of his passage to pull in a mate. These insects feed on old wood, and the sound of his head tapping reverberates through the wood. Love Is in the Air-Chemical Cues French naturalist Jean-Henri Fabre found the intensity of the bug sex pheromones very coincidentally during the 1870s. Male peacock moths came fluttering in the open windows of his lab, arrival on the work pen of a female. He attempted to trick the guys by moving her confine to various areas, however the guys constantly discovered their way back to her. As you would speculate from their plumose reception apparatuses, male moths scan for reasonable female mates by detecting sex pheromones noticeable all around. The female cecropia moth transmits a fragrance so ground-breaking it pulls in guys from miles around. A male honey bee utilizes pheromones to bait a female to a roost, where he can mate with her. The male flies along, stamping plants with his aroma. When he sets his snares, he watches his domain trusting that a female will arrive on one of his roosts. Unmated Japanese insect females discharge a solid sex attractant, which rapidly draws the consideration of numerous guys. In some cases, such huge numbers of male admirers show up at one time that they structure a packed group alluded to as a bug ball.
Tuesday, May 26, 2020
How Do I Roll Dice in C#
This application uses one instance of the Random() class in the object rnd. It also allocates enough space to hold the totals for scores 3..18 in the array Rolls[]. Member functions OneDice() returns a value between 1 and 6 - rnd.Next(n) returns values in the range 0..n-1, while ThreeDice() calls OneDice() three times. The constructor for the RollDice() clears the Rolls array then calls ThreeDice() however many times (10 million in this case) and increments the appropriate Rolls[] element. The last part is to print out the generated totals to see that it generates throws in accordance with the probabilities. A 6 sided dice has an average score of 3.5, so three dice should average about 10.5. The totals for 10 and 11 are roughly the same and occur about 12.5% of the time. Here is the output of a typical run. It takes no more than a second. Because its a console application, I included a Console.ReadKey(); To wait until you hit a key before closing. Program Output 3 46665 4 138772 5 277440 6 463142 7 693788 8 971653 9 1157160 10 1249360 11 1249908 12 1159074 13 972273 14 695286 15 463270 16 277137 17 138633 18 46439 Program Listing using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Text; namespace exrand {     public class RollDice     {         private Random rnd new Random() ;         private int[] Rolls new int[19]; // Holds 3 to 18         public int OneDice() {             return rnd.Next(6)1;         }         public int ThreeDice()         {             return OneDice() OneDice() OneDice() ;         }         public RollDice(int Count)         {             int i 0;             for (i3;i
Friday, May 15, 2020
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Classroom Behavior Essay - 1462 Words
Would you be surprised to learn that in today’s classroom children sometimes aren’t learning due to behavioral issues? Teachers are attempting to teach classes in which students can be disruptive, disrespectful and defiant. Classrooms are often overcrowded which adds to the frustration of the situation. Teachers are often tempted to take the easy way out, using antiquated strategies that will usually not help the child to learn. In fact, some types of punishments can actually cause the child to become even more rebellious. The child can experience a sense of worthlessness after being punished again and again. Children do not act out because they are â€Å"bad.†They act out in the hopes of receiving some kind of response or reward. In the†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, if that child fills the need for attention by getting into trouble at school, they will get into trouble. Skinner tells us that â€Å"non-reinforcement leads to the extinction of a behavior.†In other words if teachers figure out what the child is getting from exhibiting a particular behavior, they can then give that child the exact opposite of the expected response. If our response is consistent the child will eventually give up the behavior in lieu of another which yields more satisfying results. The reward system is sometimes turned around to reinforce poor behavior. Often, children who are misbehaving are looking for some sort of a reaction. It is possible that they believe that it is better to not even try than to try and fail. It could also be true that the only type of attention they r eceive comes from the instances in which they misbehave. Although as adults it may seem logical that one would avoid being singled out or chastised, children who have little sense of self worth will â€Å"take what they can get.†Skinner calls his strategy for dealing with disruption â€Å"non-reinforcement.†Skinner’s theory claims that â€Å"non-reinforcement leads to extinction of behavior.†By ignoring disruptive behavior, a teacher can extinguish it. Eventually, the disruptive student will realize that their behavior will not gain any response will seek another way to belong to the group. There are manyShow MoreRelatedClassroom Behavior640 Words  | 3 PagesContracting With Disadvantaged Youths: Improving Classroom Performance, (3), 447-454 Classroom behavior management can be one of the most difficult issues teachers face today. With the variance of personalities in one classroom, it may be difficult for a teacher to stay actively in control of the ever-changing environment. 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Furthermore, I address how these strategies can be used in the classroom and offer my suggestions on the usefulnessRead MoreThe Impact of Classroom Technology on Student Behavior6162 Words  | 25 PagesJournal of Technology Research The impact of classroom technology on student behavior Angeline M. Lavin University of South Dakota Leon Korte University of South Dakota Thomas L. Davies University of South Dakota ABSTRACT The trend toward technology enhanced classrooms has escalated quickly during the past five years as students have become increasingly tech-savvy. Classrooms across the nation have become â€Å"wired†and textbook publishers now offer a wide variety of computerized teaching supplementsRead MoreNegative Behavior Of The Classroom1465 Words  | 6 Pagest of the problem of practice Negative behavior in the classroom makes teaching and learning difficult in urban schools. The results from the negative behavior has caused a decline in student profientency and teacher’s retention. Introduction The behavior of students in the classroom has transitioned over time. More disruptive behavior is emerging and adequate teaching is the declining. A rise in disruptive behavior in the classroom has caused educators to use more time on discipline rather thanRead MoreClassroom Behavior Management And Its Effects On Students Behavior Essay947 Words  | 4 PagesClassroom behavior management is considered to be one of the most important factors to determine student’s behaviors. With that being said, the study evaluated classroom behavior strategies that are aligned with Positive Behavioral Interventions Supports (Reinke, Herman Stormont, 2013). According to research, the impact of SW-PBIS has reduced problem behaviors and increased academic performance. 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Classroom teacher specific to that classroom creates a classroom behavioral matrix. Both school wide behavioral matrix and classroom matrix should contain the rules that are listed in the school wide expectations. These rules and expectations are displayed as a matrix, which is posted in classrooms, gym, cafeteria, hallwayRead MoreManaging Challenging Behaviors Within Classroom Management976 Words  | 4 Pageschallenging behaviours in our classroom continues to be as one of the most challenging problems in education today. Conte (1994, p.308) mentioned, If teachers, administrators, parents, and students acknowledge that the lack of discipline is a serious concern and interferes with the teaching-learning process, one would think that steps would be taken to remedy the problem.†Today s classrooms are more complicated than in the past. Discipline is now known as classroom behaviour management where newRead MoreClassroom Behavior Management For African American Students1295 Words  | 6 PagesEmotional/Behavioral disability is rapidly increasing, especially for African-American students and in students at younger ages. The U.S. Department of Education reports that an African American child is one and a half times more likely to be placed in a c lassroom for children with emotional disturbances than a White child (Children’s Defense Fund, 2011). I have observed that many of these students are often disengaged during literacy instruction. As a result, these students present literacy inadequacies in
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Creating socially responsible value chains -Myassignmenthelp.Com
Question: Discuss About The Creating Socially Responsible Value Chains? Answer: Introduction Nestle was established by pharmacist Henri Nestle in 1867 on the seaboard of Lake Geneva, Switzerland. After many years of business operations, headquarter of the company is still in Vevey, Switzerland. In current time, Nestle is the biggest food company in all over the world because of its fundamental culture, values of environmental preservation and cleanliness in each country in which it is operating. Currently, the company has 468 Nestle factories in the business operations. This report focuses on the marketing and management concept in the business operations of Nestle. The objective of this study is to critically analyze key marketing activities of Nestle which take place in the local and international market. Along with this, report also focuses on the current marketing strategies and tactics adopted by the company to acquire and retain the customers and make profit in the operating market (Ghauri, 2015). Nestle is definitely one of the most capable food companies which has st rong presence in across the world. The employees of the company have skills to keep hold of their standards in terms of strong position level in the market. They ensure the fact that the products provided by the company are definitely best to use for all the customers. Nestle has the collection of the products to provide and all those products are the best in their types. Now days, marketing strategies has great importance in order to progress in the market. This is the reason company Nestle is selected for the discussion as the company is trying to maintain its top position by its effective marketing strategies in the market. Marketing concepts Nestle defines the concept of marketing in its own way. For the company, marketing is all about building the relationship with the customers based on the satisfaction and customer value by the use of modern marketing. There are two fold objectives of Nestle marketing i.e. attract new customers by offering them better quality and value in the products and retain the existing customers by providing satisfaction with its products. Nestle describes marketing as the social and managerial procedure by which good food and good life can be provided to individual and groups by creating and exchanging the values and products (Pealoza, Toulouse Visconti, 2013). Worldwide presence Today, Nestle is the biggest food and beverage company in all over the world along with worldwide; leader in nutrition, health and wellness. Customers in the world, from village area to big cities are united by promise of Nestle in terms of taste, quality, convenience and nutrition. Company is operating in 86 countries along with 250,000 employees across the world. The products of the company are available in almost every country. The business operations of Nestle are spread across three global zone which cover America, Asia, Europe, Oceania and Africa. By identifying the special needs in every region, the company is operating in these three zones locally but combined by common vision and objectives. The immense popularity of the company comes from its effective efforts to manufacture products that give nutrition and quality benefits at the affordable prices even in the remote region. Vision and mission statement The strategic objectives of Nestle Ltd are to focus on providing investor value by the attainment of sustainable, profitable long term growth and capital efficient in the market. Growth in the profitability will be attained by respecting quality and safety standards while manufacturing the products for the customers. By this objective, Nestle has vision to grow in the shortest possible time in each and every company along with the distinctive ability to fulfill the needs of the customers in every group i.e. from infant to old age, for pleasure and nutrition. This objective can be achieved by the development of wide range of food catagories of the highest quality. Further, mission of Nestle is to develop motivated and professionally trained employees in order to drive growth by innovation and renovation. So, the mission objective of the company is to provide best food and beverage products to the people in all over the world. Core values It is stated above that Nestle has global vision to be leading company in terms of wellness, health and Nutrition Company in the world. In this manner, there are some core values adopted by the company for the sustainability of the business. Those core values are described below: Direct a active, professional and motivated personnel and proud of its inheritance and enthusiastic about the future, Fulfill the dietetic requirements of the customers of all the age groups i.e. from childhood to old age by the innovative platforms of recognized food and beverage products along with the maximum quality, Provide investor value by the long-term development when playing responsible and important role in the economic, communal and ecological segments in the countries, Focus on all the aspects of advertising and communication factors to attract the customers in the market, Communications with the customers including applicable, cutting-edge and maximum standard of accountable communication, Positive innovation and reformation society which is the main factor of success in the market, and Completely incorporated systems for the traders and consumers and make sure effectual business procedures Marketing mix There are various marketing strategies adopted by Nestle to stay competitive in all over the world. For the company, marketing strategy is the foundation of a successful marketing plan for the products. This includes set of specific actions required for the successful business for instance, using low cost product to attract the customers. With the low cost product, company is able to establish strong relationship with the customers and enhance the interaction with them in the market. Basic marketing strategies of Nestle are to develop brands for every product (Wong, 2010). There are effective marketing mix strategies adopted by the company and those are as follows: Product Nestle has one of the largest and premium range of food and nutrition products in all over the world. The ready food markets have been increasing across the world which is properly and deeply covered by the Nestle. So, Nestle is focused on improving its brand image in the food market and manufacture new products in the organized food area. There are wide ranges of healthy food products for all age groups. Price Price range provided by Nestle on its products varies on varieties of the products i.e. very low to very high. Company uses various wrapping materials of lower to superior priced products which is helpful for Nestle to cover all the sectors related to customers including any age and their buying in bulk of a small price. Along with this, it is observed that there is the strong competition in the food and beverage market in terms of prices of the products. But Nestle is never behind this competition as the pricing strategy adopted by the company is capable to attract the customers in the market. So, current pricing strategy is very effective for Nestle and company should keep this in future also (Chakravarthy Coughlan, 2011). Place As Nestle is famous food and Beverage Company in all over the world so, the company has large distributed network of wholesalers, distributors, suppliers and retailers. Along with this, they are connected and loyal for the company. They are key player of the business and their performance is so strong that Nestle never face any kind of problem in the distribution and supply chain network in any part of world. For the new products, company needs to focus on the healthy perception of the products and in case of fresh food products; they should be kept in the suitable environment (Davis, 2012). Promotion In case of promotional techniques, Nestle is using variety of advertising tactics for the wide range of products. For the chocolate products, Nestle is using promotional tactics under which free bars are obtainable with the multi bar family packs. Along with this, Nestle has done tie up with Burger King in some countries in order to provide attractive offers to the customers such as meal coupons to its potential customers. For the healthy readymade food products, the promotion team of Nestle also works with the wellbeing and fitness centers like Fitness First and True Fitness to motivate and advise the consumers to consume healthy prepared foods of the company (Vakratsas, Demetrios Ma, 2005). Segmentation To attract the customers for the sale of the products, Nestle is using STP marketing strategy i.e. segmentation, target market and positioning. These are basic concepts of the marketing which are helpful for the companies to identify potential customers for their products. In case of Nestle, company is using demographics as well as behavioral segmentation. It is well known that demographic segmentation divides the market into various groups based on the demographical variables (Bickhoff, Hollensen Opresnik, 2014). Nestle always launch its products based on some variables like: Age- Nestle is always launching wide ranges of products for different ages people. For example, the company has launched Lactogen and Nestle Cerelac for babies for 1 month to 4 years. Along with this, Nestle has launched Nescafe for young people. For different age people, the company has different product offerings like Keylogges Cornflakes, Boost and Milo etc (Gootman, McGinnis Kraak, 2006). Family size- Nestle has also launched their products based on family sizes. The company has mini products for small families and big products for big family size such as Maggi family pack for big family, Cornflakes in large and small size. Occupation- Nestle has various products for the working and occupational people. For instance, the company has Nescafe for those people who have to work a lot. Along with this, company has launched Milo which is an energy drink. Loyalty status- There is various products by which Nestle has segmented its market based on customer loyalty. There are many customers who are loyal for some products like Maggie, Nescafe and Kit Kat etc (Bruning, Hu, Hao, 2009) Target market Nestle is using differentiated marketing strategies for the target market. The company basically targets different market segments and provides various attractive offers to them. The company has also launched various new products to get high level of sales and stronger position in the food and beverage industry within the segments. The company has targeted the markets based on family sizes, ages, occupation, and income and thus the company is launching new and innovative products. Along with this, the company is also targeting the market based on loyalty status so that customers can be loyal towards the specific brands. Positioning This is the process of positioning the brand image in the mind of the customers. In case of Nestle, company wants to provide health and nutritious food products to the customers. By the positioning process, objective of Nestle is to make the products as the part of daily life of the customers by meeting their absolute necessities (Hooley, Saunders Piercy, 2008). Supply chain The supply chain management of Nestle is extremely effective in order to set up big stage for the suppliers in the business operations. The company is able to gain competitive advantage by the useful assistance from the supply chain of the company. Along with the demand and supply planning, there are factors like corporeal logistics, preparation and procurement, and consumer services in the business operations of Nestle. In similar time, supply chain tactics accepted by Nestle are helpful in providing the products based on the market needs of the consumers in timely manner. Basically, supply chain management of Nestle is the arrangement of science and art which are helpful in achieving the corporate objectives in superiorly (Bag, Anand Pandey, 2016). With the help of supply chain process, Nestle identifies the specific requirements of raw material to produce products and services. Along with this, company also identifies the manufacturers for providing goods developed by the company and offered to the customers. The success of supply chain process of the company depends upon some important parties like distributors, manufacturers, suppliers, retailers, producers and consumers (Dharni Sharma, 2015). The supply chain process of Nestle is described in the given figure. Total quality management The business operations of Nestle are extremely dedicated in order to maintain safety and superiority in the manufacturing process to ensure safe and healthy products for the customers. Over the years, safety and quality for the customers are key concern for the implementation of main tactics by the company to manage value. So, similar perception is applicable to the complete portfolio of the company in the food and beverage goods by the methods and services. Based on the analysis of the website of the company it is observed that the quality and safety of the products is the core business principles of Nestle. Those principles adopted by the company for the operations at global level (Cullen Parboteeah, 2013). The excellence management systems and related activities of Nestle are developed by the guidance of quality policy implemented by the company. The strategy includes some important commitments of the company i.e. Meeting the preferences and expectations of the customers in market in order to encourage the development of product in the business operation, Developing and spreading no-waster and zero-defect attitudes for the employees of the organization, Managing with the quality regulations and requirements related to the external and internal food safety and health, and Giving priority to the quality as the group-wide objectives (Trematerra, 2013) It is analyzed that quality management system is effective to operate at the global level for Nestle to follow the definite principles in the countries. There are specific quality principles related to food and beverage goods to make sure benefits for the customers by food products. Apart from this, internal quality management system of the company is basically reviewed by autonomous certification bodies to make sure the compliance to the global principles and regulatory necessities (Park, Ungson Cosgrove, 2015). Corporate management mechanism There are different processes in the organization of Nestle by which company uses its synergies for the effective business operations. There are various methods used by the company for the effective business operations between diverse cross-businesses which are described below: Sharing of information and knowledge- By implementing of Global business excellence system, company is able to share the information and knowledge by using the innovative information technology and system. This is a comprehensive information system by which Nestle is able to do business together along with common technology infrastructure. Under this system, company collects standardized data by the systematic management if information in order to create knowledge and share it among the customers (Das, 2015). Open innovation model- Nestle has model of open-innovation which is the system encompassed from more than 300 external research units and collaborating them with the global level. In this network, more than 5000 technologists and research establishment and other companies are brought together. By the knowledge of both internal and external researchers, Nestle is able to improve the product range from open-innovation framework (De Witt Meyer, 2010). Creation of innovation acceleration team- There are many new and innovative products provided by RD team of Nestle at the international level. This is innovation management team by which company is able to create fast and innovative product introduction in the market. The team includes various RD and supply chain management experts. Along with this, they have responsibilities and tasks to improve and fasten the launches of new products in various markets. Human resource management Nestle is largest FMCG company operating in all over the world. For the successful business operations, there are skilled employees who recognize the requirements and needs of the customers in the market. Company focuses on effective HR activities for hiring and recruiting skilled workforce for the business operations. There are some HR activities adopted by Nestle and those are as follows: Recruitment- It is observed that the employees are engaged in various activities of Nestle. Employees in the company are hired by the effective recruitment process. As a dynamic flexible organization, Nestle is famous for its workforce or human assets which are one of the most important characteristics which differentiate the company in the market. Identifying, recruiting and retaining the talent are priorities of the company. The human resource teams develop the culture by the employee learning and sustain the growth by ensuring passion of the employees so that they can achieve the organizational goals. Employee relations- In the organized work environment, the labor and employee relations functions of HR are handled by the HR specialists in every area. The positive relations with the employees are basically considered as HR discipline which is important to strengthen the employer-employee relationship by providing job satisfaction, resolving workplace conflicts and employee engagement in the company (Oke, 2016). Compensation and benefits- Like labor and employee relations, HR department of Nestle provides various benefits and compensations handled by HR specialists with dual expertise. In terms of compensation for employees, the functions of HR includes evaluating competitive pay practices and setting compensations structures. Sustainability For the effective and sustainable business, Nestle is committed to some business principles in all the countries focusing on legal legislation, cultural and religious practices. Those business practices are described below: The business objective of Nestle is that the products of the company must be manufactured by management and employees in such way as to develop value that can be constant for the long term basis over shareholders, customers, workforce, business partners and various national economies in which the company is operating. Nestle does not focus on the short-term profit. Company basically focused on the long term business development. Along with this, company identifies the need to make the profit every year in order to sustain support from the financial markets and financial investments (Okeudo, 2012). Company considers that the regulations are the most important and efficient uphold of ethical conduct. In some areas, direction to management and employees in terms of intentional business values are beneficial to make sure that highest principles in the business are met by the company. Nestle is aware of the fact that the success and growth of the business is the reflection of professionalism and ethical values of the management and employees so, it is focused on the recruitment of right people along with appropriate training and development. For Nestle, customers have legitimate interest in the company in terms of its brands and the way in which the business is operating in the market (Pomeranz, 2013). Legislation in international market Nestle observes with the laws and regulations valid in various countries in which the company is operating. Company makes sure that the policies related to ethical practices are fulfilled in the business operations. By doing business in the responsible manner with the business principles, company is able to establish relationships with the customers in all over the world. Along with this, company is aware globalization is important for the growth and development at the global level. For this manner, Nestle is following some suggestions as ILO basic rights, and international code of marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes in the sustainable policies. Basically, company supports obligations and references for the self regulations and sustainable development. Consumers The key objective of Nestle is to create values for the customers that can be sustained by providing wide range of high quality and safe food products at the reasonable prices. The company assumes that communication and other promotional techniques have significant role in motivating the customers to select right products according their needs and requirements. For fulfilling this role in the responsible manner, Nestle makes determined efforts in terms of advertising i.e. Company does not misinform as the advantage resulting from the use of products, Company does not utilize unwarranted and unjustified brutality and bad language, Company does not shows discrimination and offensive attitude to political, religious, cultural, ethic and social groups, Company avoids such exhibitions that shoes inappropriate or dangerous use of the products, Further, company keeps away from the misuse of various events which can be the cause of bad experience and conflicts with the business image of the company (Park, Lee Kim, 2014). Along with the above discussed principles, Nestle does not sponsor radio and TV programs whose only strategy is to attract viewers that lie clearly about the use of offensive attitudes and gratuitous violence to minority or majority groups. Children as consumers In the sustainable business practices, Nestle as developed some principles for children. Those principles include communications including events, advertising and sponsorships to the children so that children should not be disguised. Further, company has principle that advertisements to children should not portray them unsafe situations and they should not accept the invitation from those people they do not know. Along with this, according to Nestle, food and beverage communication should not show the advertisements related to unsafe and irresponsible consumption (Lee Lien, 2015). Nestle corporate culture In the sustainable business, Nestle has adopted corporate business principles in the business operations. Company is committed for the sustainable corporate culture in the business practices. It is discussed before that Nestle is one of the most famous companies in the food and beverage industry. The company has employees from the different and diverse backgrounds. Nestle respect the diverse culture, traditions and mentality of each employees in each country. Aim of Nestle is to incorporate its own culture into the employees without changing the culture and identity of employees. In Nestle, there is the existence of distinctive work culture among the employees and management. Employees are highly motivated towards their work as managers and higher authority send motivational messages to the employees (Gilligan Hird, 2012). Corporate social responsibility It is described above that Nestle is operating in 83 countries with the help of 461 factories. Nestle basically operates in the developing countries and 50% of its plants are operating in the developing countries. Company has adopted principles and policies which are concerned with actions related to customers, employees, human rights and labor practices, suppliers and the environment (Lantos, 2001). It is the responsibility of Nestle to create values for the stakeholders along with enriching the nature. This concept basically refers a creating shared value including international laws, codes of countries along with the principles of the company. Nestle gives special focus on creating values in nutrition, water and development of rural areas. These are important for the corporate activities and for its value chain. Water- It is well-known that water is the life line for the people living in the society. Along with this, it is also important for the company for the production purpose (Melo, Garrido, 2012). Rural development- Most of raw material and inventories are supplied by the rural areas. So, Nestle is focused on the initiatives for well-being of farmers, workers, countryside communities, contractors and minor businesses for the long term success of the business activities. Nutrition- It is understood that healthy food and nutrition are the foundation of health of the societies. So, Nestle is focused on making the customers aware about Nutrition, wellness and healthy food products (Verain, Dagevos Antonides, 2015). The major areas of contribution of Nestle towards society are very vast and it is differentiated into five catagories. Those catagories are as follows: Areas Initiatives Water Raising awareness about water conservation and improve, Working to achieve water efficiency and sustainability for the business operations, Treating the water society discharge effectively, Advocating for effective water stewardship and policies, Engaging with the suppliers who are in the occupation of agriculture (Servaes, Tamayo, 2013) Rural development Executing responsible sourcing in the supply chain, Continuously advancing the green coffee supply chain, Following countryside framework of growth to understand the requirements of famers in rural areas, Rolling out the cocoa plan of nestle with cocoa farmers Environmental sustainability Providing climate change leadership, Improving resource efficiency in operations, Promoting proactive and transparency for the long term engagement in climate policy, Improving the performance of environment in terms of packaging, Optimizing and assessing the environmental impact of the product, Providing meaningful and accurate information related to information, Preventing natural capital including forests Human rights, people and compliance Eliminating child labor in the business activities, Addressing human rights and their impact on the business operations and supply chain, Improving gender balance in the workforce, Ensuring that the staff and stakeholders can report on compliance violations, Ensuring all Nestle employees are under the certified health and safety and management systems, Providing effective training based on the corporate business principles, environmental and nutrition sustainability, Operating against bribery and corruption (Vachani Post, 2012) Rolling out global youth initiatives in all over business operations Nutrition Reducing the level of sodium (salt) in the products, Reducing the risk related to nutrition by micronutrient fortification, Building knowledge leadership in the nutrition of children, Providing products full of nutrition designed especially for children (Sikiwa Basera, 2012), Leading in the industry in terms of health and nutrition research by the collaboration, Reducing level of sugar in its products, Motivating for the consumption of vegetable and whole grains (Tang, Sodhi Formentini, 2016), Reducing saturated fats and removing trans fats in Nestle products, Providing nutrition information to customers and providing advice on all the labels, Providing important guidance to the customers Sustainable packaging It is observed that the information on the food packaging labels is sometimes so small that people have to struggle to read it. So, Nestle started to use barcodes which can be scanned by Smartphone that make the information related to nutritional and product lifecycle instantly accessible. This is called beyond the label initiative taken by Nestle. The company uses quick response or QR codes with the mobile application or website. This process has been started in UK by the company with its best selling products i.e. Kit Kat and chocolate biscuits (Eden, 2011). The website basically looks at raw material, production, packaging and distribution. For example it shows that two key ingredients of Kit Kat are cocoa and sugar which are from fair-trade-certified farms. The company has trained over 20,000 farmers in the sustainable farming practices of cocoa. Further, Nestle has been operating with the dairy farmers to source the milk product. The company is engaged with the farmers to reduce the environmental impact. Since 2011, farmers have reduced greenhouse gases by 6%. The website also includes some details about the environmental achievements of Nestle. For instance, Kit Kat factory in New York along with more six factories in the country are verified by Bureau Veritas in terms of zero waste to landfill. Apart from the environmental sustainability, Nestle is also supporting the food charity FareShare. Nestle donates over a million meals which is the result that over 450 tons of waste was reduced to landfill. Conclusion This report discusses about core business practice of famous food company Nestle including three concepts i.e. marketing, management and sustainability. From the above discussion, it is analyzed that Nestle is the leading company in the food and beverage industry. The company has strong marketing principles and core values for the business so that healthy and quality food products can be provided to the customers. Apart from effective marketing, there are various steps taken by the company for the sustainable business operations. The company is concerned about the environment in which it is operating and focused on making people aware about the healthy food products. References Bag, S., Anand, N. Pandey, K.K., (2016), Green Supply Chain Management Model for Sustainable Manufacturing Practices: Green Supply Chain Management for Sustainable Business Practice, p.153 Bickhoff, N., Hollensen, S., Opresnik, M., (2014),The Quintessence of Marketing: Strategic and Operative Marketing PlanningSegmenting, Targeting, Positioning.pp. 47-11 Bruning, E. R., Hu, M. Y., Hao, W., (2009), Cross-national segmentation: European Journal of Marketing, 43(11/12), 1498-1522 Chakravarthy, B., Coughlan, S., (2011), Emerging market strategy: innovating both products and delivery systems, 40(1), 27-32 Cullen, J.B. Parboteeah, K.P., (2013), Multinational management, Cengage Learning Das, A., (2015), An Introduction to Operations Management: The Joy of Operations, Routledge Davis, B., (2012), Food and Beverage Management, (5th), London: Routledge De Witt, B., and Meyer, R., (2010), Strategy: Process, Content, Context, Oxford: International Thompson Business Press Dharni, K. and Sharma, R.K., (2015), Supply chain management in food processing sector: experience from India: International Journal of Logistics Systems and Management, 21(1), pp.115-132 Eden, S., (2011), Food labels as boundary objects: How consumers make sense of organic and functional foods: Public Understanding of Science, 20, 179-94 Ghauri, P.N., (2015), Managing International Subsidiaries: The Case of Swedish Firms, Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference (pp. 150-154), Springer International Publishing Gilligan, C., Hird, M., (2012),International Marketing Strategy and Management(Vol. 17) Gootman, J. A., McGinnis, J. M. Kraak, V. I., (2006), Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity, National Academies Press Hooley, G. J., Saunders, J.A. Piercy, N.F., (2008), Marketing Strategy and Competitive Positioning, (3rd), Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall Lantos, G. P., (2001), The Boundaries of Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility: Journal of Consumer Marketing, 18 (7), 595-632 Lee, S., Lien, N., (2015), The influence of adult family members on children's fast food consumption: a health belief perspective: Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 8(3), 185-196 Melo, T. Garrido, A., (2012), Corporate reputation: a combination of social responsibility and industry: Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 19, pp. 11-31 Oke, L., (2016), Human Resources Management: International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies (IJHCS),1(4), pp.376-387 Okeudo, G. N., (2012), Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility on the Society: British Journal of Science, 3 (1), pp156-163 Park, J., Lee, H., Kim, C. (2014), Corporate social responsibilities, consumer trust and corporate reputation: South Korean consumers perspectives: Journal of Business Research, 67, pp. 295-302 Park, S.H., Ungson, G.R. and Cosgrove, A., (2015), Co-aligning Strategies with Management Structures and Systems: In Scaling the Tail: Managing Profitable Growth in Emerging Markets, pp. 91-107, Palgrave Macmillan US Pealoza, L., Toulouse, N., Visconti, L. M., (2013),Marketing management: A cultural perspective, USA: Routledge Pomeranz, Y., (2013), Food analysis: theory and practice, Springer Science Business Media Servaes, H. and Tamayo, A., (2013), The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Firm Value: The Role of Customer Awareness: Management Science, 59 (5), pp1045-1061 Sikiwa, M. Basera, C.H., (2012), The Influence of Socio-cultural Variables on Consumers Perception of Halal Food Products: A Case of Masvingo Urban: International Journal of Business Management, 7(20), 56-66 Tang, C.S., Sodhi, M.S. and Formentini, M., (2016), An analysis of partially-guaranteed-price contracts between farmers and agri-food companies: European Journal of Operational Research, 254(3), pp.1063-1073 Trematerra, P., (2013), Aspects related to decision support tools and integrated pest management in food chains, Food Control. Vachani, S. and Post, J.E., (2012), Creating socially responsible value chains: Role of companies, governments and NGOs: Business, society and politics: Multinationals in emerging markets, pp.17-44 Vakratsas, Demetrios Ma, Z., (2005), A Look at the Long-run Effectiveness of Multimedia Advertising and Its Implications for Budget Allocation Decisions: Journal of Advertising Research, 45 (2), pp. 24154 Verain, M. C., Dagevos, H., Antonides, G. (2015), Sustainable food consumption. Product choice or curtailment, Appetite 91, 375-384 Wong, K. K., (2010),Approved Marketing Plans for New Products and Services, USA: iUniverse
Tuesday, April 14, 2020
Advertising and Body Satisfaction in Women
Advertising and Body Satisfaction in Women Introduction The role of women in advertising has remained a contentious issue in the contemporary society. For many years, advertisers have used women as advertising objects thus triggering debates and research interest to unravel the unknown truth behind women and advertising. With most adverts carrying the image of women, it is clear that they usually have an impact on viewers in terms of perception towards self-image.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Advertising and Body Satisfaction in Women specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Needless to mention, all media channels like television, magazines and even the internet are full of adverts carrying the image of a woman (Ohio State University, 2011). Even though this is never a concern to advertisers and marketers, it has been found that women usually get affected by such media images and influence their perception towards self-esteem. In this regard, this paper e xplores the relationship between advertising and body image satisfaction. Literature review The concept of body image and how women are portrayed in the media has continuously drawn the attention of people from all walks of life, including authors, scholars and researchers. In understanding this concept, they have dedicated their time and resources in documenting their findings in form of books, journals and internet articles for future reference and academic edification. This segment synthesizes findings from an array of reputable authors who have broadly covered the topic of advertising and body image satisfaction in women. What is body image? From a psychological point of view, body image refers to ones attitude towards own body with regard to sexual attractiveness and aesthetics. (Festinger, 1957). The phrase was first coined in 1935 by a neurologist from Australia in an article which he described the image and appearance of the human body and how it is viewed by the society. Al though the society has always placed a lot of emphasis on beauty, individual’s perception over their bodies may not necessarily match the standards of the society.Advertising Looking for research paper on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Body image is therefore thought to be a product of several aspects, which define human identity (Clay, Vignoles Dittmar, 2005). These aspects include but not limited to personalities, individual experiences and other forces, which could either be cultural or social. As a result, the sense of physical appearance usually can transform body image in relation to other people or the ideal image recognized by the society (Manasia, 2011). It therefore follows that an individual’s perception may not necessarily reflect other people’s point of view. The ultimate impact of this scenario is either a case of satisfaction or dissatisfaction depending on an indivi dual’s body rating. Due to high value attached to body image and sexualization of women, there has been increasing anxiety related to body image around the world. As a sensitive issue that revolves around gender, women are considered more vulnerable to body image anxiety as compared to their male counterparts. This high concern among women is dangerous since it may result into personality disorders and other health-related issues (Manasia, 2011). For instance, people who view themselves negatively are likely to engage several options like cosmetics and special dieting with an aim of achieving the desired image. Since no guarantee is given for the efficacy of such options, it is worth noting that this approach may lead to severe cases like scorched skin, eating disorders and overall low esteem. As mentioned above, matters of self-image mainly affect women in the society hence leading to altered self-esteem. In general, body image cannot be delinked from self-image. Negative bo dy image always makes a woman to lose her inner self-worth. This means that a person would become less valuable in her own eyes based on judgmental assumptions made from their perceptions. Self-esteem is an essential necessity for both men and women (Maddox, 2005).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Advertising and Body Satisfaction in Women specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, when women view themselves negatively based on body image, the pride within themselves gets eroded to extreme levels that may cause one to lose friends before disconnecting from the social world. This mainly occurs due to body image dissatisfaction. People with a higher self-esteem usually enjoy life to the fullest, make friends easily, manage their feelings and behavior and develop an overall acceptance of who they are (Ohio State University, 2011). Being an important aspect of human life, it is imperative for the society to focus on developing a positive sense of being and encourage women to have a positive self image regardless of what may be considered as a perfect image. It augments body satisfaction and behavior personality as individuals are able to interact freely without putting a lot of concern on how they appear physically (Muscat, 2011). While these efforts are on, it is essential to point out the role of media in influencing personality image and ability of a person to accept who they are and develop an inner positive drive. Body image and media For a very long time, media has portrayed the image of women negatively or different from what the society considers as a standard image. This is common in advertising where most adverts carry images of women that end up affecting the overall body satisfaction among women. According to Manasia 2011, mass media affects the image of women in a wide range of ways. This occurs through the use of common technologies, which are applied in advertising, and they range from billboards, television, magazines and the internet. In a 2011 research explaining the impact of mass media on body image, Manasia wonders whether mass media has become the beholder of beauty in the contemporary society.Advertising Looking for research paper on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The research affirms that there is substantive evidence indicating that physical appearance of women is quite important in dictating the behavior of women and their average self-image (Manasia, 2011). In this study, it is undoubtedly clear that media has strong influence in enhancing body satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Many research findings support the hypothesis of this research arguing that most women around the world find image to be influential in their lives as it determines the manner in which they interact with others, perceive themselves and find satisfaction or dissatisfaction within (Kacey, n.d.). It filters down to the level of social acceptability as they feel recognized in terns of their body image. Unlike body satisfaction which most women find satisfaction, dissatisfaction can lead to serious withdrawal problems among women. In analyzing this issue, it is equally important to consider several aspects of beauty as portrayed by the media and advertising companies. Sm all sized-women are usually favored compared to average or bigger sizes. In such a case, women who find themselves within the favored category derive significant satisfaction in themselves as they are considered perfect (Media Awareness Network, 2010). On the other hand, women who may have a different body size tend to draw backwards with the fear of rejection due to perceived deviation from what is considered to be perfect in the society. This implies that adverts, which put a lot of emphasis on body size leave the viewer with a distorted mind concerning acceptable standards of beauty and perfection. However, satisfaction or dissatisfaction depends on the level of personal investment towards physical image (Kilbourne, 2011). In other words, this argument emphasizes the fact that the impact of body image in advertising affects women differently depending on an individual’s focus and concern over personal image. Other researches done further indicated that most women prefer tu rning to magazines, billboards and television adverts, which promote thinness as the ideal body figure to be recognized (Markey, Markey Birch, 2004). This seems to be personal-induced torture since some women get obsessed and lured to such images even when they fall outside the ideal bracket of beauty being emphasized by advertisers and other media companies. When women are exposed to images and video ads, which depict a particular attribute of beauty, they usually get angrier and depressed than before they interacted with the material. With these images dominating fashion magazines around the world, one wonders why women still purchase them, since they cause some level of body dissatisfaction (Biagi, 2011). According to Muscatell 2011, TV and magazines are filled with images that depict beauty and perfection among women. However, the main question revolves around the way beauty is represented. These images display ultra-thin women and other celebrities appearing with flawless body images. With regards to billboard adverts, Muscatell argues that it is possible for one to be left with body images in the mind while driving down city streets as billboards dominate all forms of ads on major roads and highways. In a 2011 article, Muscatell is concerned with the direction which advertising companies have taken and the way they define beauty. His main concern is the most probable way of adopting in order to correct the trend which continues to affect women psychologically as some of the sizes and figures, which are considered ideal seem to be unrealistic and unhealthy (Muscat, 2011). As further noted by authors, most women get dissatisfied when exposed to adverts in magazines, which support ultra-thin images. This may cause a feeling of lowliness as people imagine being unfit in the society and irrelevant in the societal context of beauty. Importantly, issues of satisfaction and dissatisfaction adversely affect women below the age of nineteen years as compared to ad ults and mature women (Kirsh, 2009). This is because young women are more concerned with body image and may suffer severely in an attempt to attain the size being perceived as acceptable by the media. For young women who may have this size, they also derive a lot of body image satisfaction as they may feel more acceptable, beautiful and recognizable in the society. On the contrary, those that do not meet perceived standards end up frustrated and may resort to unhealthy and dangerous means of attaining perceived duty. As a result, many develop eating disorders like bulimia and nervosa (Cortese, 2008). While many women get affected by adverts, which depict the body image, it is sometimes impossible to avoid the impact of adverts. How common are adverts of this nature? Regardless of the nature of products being marketed, women are commonly represented in ads (Grogan, 2008). Commercials ranging from foodstuffs to electronics carry the image of women with emphasis on particular attribute s of beauty like color and size. Additionally, our exposure to the media makes it impossible to avoid these adverts. How often do women visit the internet, watch TV or even drive on the streets? It is clear that the current environment is under significant influence of media that women who may choose to avoid fashion magazines may still suffer the impact of media adverts and get affected emotionally (Ussher, 2000). Theories Social construction theory The broadness of this theory covers a wide range of issues from economic to a person’s eating behavior at home. According to this theory, our lives are shaped depending on daily experiences which emanate from effects of numerous social agreements, shared social actions and several institutional practices. As a result, many things which are ignored and taken for granted are always results of human inter-subjectivity. On this basis, a social construct denotes anything in existence as a result of social interactions and not objectiv e reality. However, these components do exists as integral elements of our social life. Other social constructionists describe social constructs as epistemologically objective since they are objects which have meaning in our social lives. Additionally, social reality is rooted in human behavior, institutional practices, culture and different languages. From research carried out by different experts and psychologists around the world, it is evident that women get more affected by adverts than men. This could be explained from different perspectives including the way the society defines women as well as what they are expected to become in life. Through social construction of reality and construction theories, societies have developed norms and standards from a wide range of choices. In other words, whatever that is represented through adverts is not the inherent approach in describing body image but rather an adopted approach that has been adopted through countless choices (Berger Lu ckmann, 1991). In this understanding, social constructionists oppose essentialism, which basically emphasizes the need to observe natural rules as opposed to the creation of perceived social reality that seeks to justify why certain things have to be done in a different way from what is considered as a norm (Berger Luckmann, 1991). In relating this theory to women representation in adverts and satisfaction level, it suffices to mention that the contemporary society has realized the existence of several options and variables that could be used in measure beauty besides accepted ones. This makes it frustrating for women who do not meet the perceived standards since many get obsessed to conforming to the patterns of the world as compared to appreciating what they are. Body image satisfaction in women as influenced by adverts can also be explained using the cultivation theory which expounds on the long-term effects of watching television. Sociologists posit that television is a form of mass media, which has the capacity of binding societies and groups of people together through common behavior, ethics and stances (Berger Luckmann, 1991). Through cumulative impact of exposure to TV, victims like children accept certain trends, which begin shaping their lives with time. The same case applies to adverts and body image satisfaction in women. For a very long time, ultra-slim bodies in women with small tummies have been considered as core attributes of beauty in the society. In other words, these elements are widely acceptable and most people work towards attaining these cultivated features. When these images are carried in adverts on billboards, the internet and other advertising channels, they become widely acceptable and influential. As a result women suffer from body image dissatisfaction if they are not favored or derive a lot of satisfaction. Framing From a social science perspective, framing theory suggests that the exact manner in which something is presented to the public usually has significant influence on the choices made by affected people. It is viewed as an important approach as opposed to rational choice theory which describes how people strive to make rational choices in life regardless of the nature of the data given for analysis. It is important to note that communication plays a major role in framing theory because it evokes conceptual and moral frames through language. Additionally, frames form vital systems in the community which have to be built for a long period of time. As an art, framing can be essential when coupled with cognitive linguistics. Framing is closely related to agenda-setting although it focuses on the immediate issues at hand rather than an entire topic of research. According to framing theorists, the media usually places certain events within some space which has meaning as a way of drawing the public attention. As a result, the media is able to control the manner in which audience analyzes issues and mak es choices. Framing therefore revolves around how certain information is covered by the media and the way in which people choose to digest it. Frames influence people’s attitudes towards a given item being featured in the media. Framing theorists argue that systems are usually developed after some time. This is common in explaining the effects of media to the society. It follows that systems formed through framing and get accepted and assimilated as true and recommended standards (Scheufele, 1999). Additionally, this theory emphasizes the manner in which different items are presented. This presentation usually has impact on people or individuals interacting with it. In seeking social reality, women get influenced by representation of body image through adverts. As an acceptable system, many strive to mimic these standards while others get discouraged and dissatisfied with their body images as they may not measure up to the acceptable standards of beauty. Dealing with dissatis faction It is clear that representation of women through adverts has a profound impact on their perception towards their bodies and causes them to get flooded with negative mood and low self-esteem (Poveromo Hofstra University, 2007). As seen in the above segments of analysis, this may lead to social withdrawal and disconnection, emotional disability and poor eating habits among other adverse effects. Consequently, there is every need to help women to develop and nurture their self-worthiness regardless of how body images are represented through commercial ads. Through psychological efforts, suggestions have been put forth do deal with dissatisfaction among women emanating from negative media representation. One of these ways is cognitive dissonance. By definition, it refers to holding conflicting positions simultaneously (Festinger, 1957). This is common when a person believes that physical exercising is important but fails to make any efforts to get to the gym. In this approach, people are usually advised to alleviate their psychological discomfort by making sober and sound decisions. For the cited scenario, it would be recommendable for the person to go to the gym in order to stay physically fit or ignore and assume that exercising was not that important. Besides being supported by advertising companies, women ought to be informed that being heavy is healthier than struggling to become ultra-slim (Wykes Gunter, 2005). In so doing, victims are likely to have a different attitude towards their bodies and maintain a positive self-image. Future research questions In addressing future interests, researches should focus on answering the following research issues: How to prevent dissatisfaction caused by negative body representation of women in adverts. Why men are rarely affected by adverts with regard to body dissatisfaction. Conclusion and recommendations It is more evident than not that media has an array of effects on the society. Even though some people argue that the impact of media cannot be quantified, its influence has far-reaching effects. Of significance is the manner in which our behaviors get transformed by emulating celebs and other prominent people dominating the media. This is usually a perceived assumption that media personalities are perfect in character (Cohen, 2006). The same argument is used by advertising companies to woo customers. By making adverts associated with certain individuals, psychologists have proven that people get easily swayed in decision-making, a concept that marketers take capitalize. However, common representation of women body image in ads has negative effects. Women get satisfied or dissatisfied depending on whether the image portrayed favors them or not. Dissatisfaction results into other unhealthy and fatal cases like personality disorders and change of behavior. On the other hand, satisfaction may influence the society to believe that a certain trend is acceptable and worth nurturing (Tiggem ann Slater, 2003). This research has supported the hypothesis that advertising has a significant impact on body image satisfaction in women. References Berger, P., Luckmann, T. (1991). The social construction of reality: a treatise in the sociology of knowledge. City of Westminster, London: Penguin Books. Biagi, S. (2011). Media Impact: An Introduction to Mass Media. Stamford, Connecticut, U.S: Cengage Learning. Clay, D., Vignoles, V., Dittmar, H. (2005). Body Image and Self-Esteem among Adolescent Girls: Testing the Influence of Socio-cultural Factors. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 15(4), 451–477. Cohen, S. (2006). Media Exposure and the Subsequent Effects on Body Dissatisfaction, Disordered Eating, and Drive for Thinness: A Review of the Current Research. The Wesleyan Journal of Psychology, 1, 57-71. Cortese, J. (2008). Provocateur: images of women and minorities in advertising. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman Littlefield. Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive diss onance. London: Stanford University Press. Grogan, S. (2008). Body image: understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women, and children. United Kingdom: Taylor Francis. Kacey, D. (n.d.). Greening: The Objectification and Dismemberment of Women in the Media. Capital University. Retrieved from kon.org/urc/v5/greening.html Kilbourne, J. (2011). Beautyand the Beast of Advertising. Center for media Literacy. Retrieved from medialit.org/reading-room/beautyand-beast-advertising Kirsh, S. (2009). Media and youth: a developmental perspective. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. Maddox, R. (2005). Cognitive responses to idealized media Images of women: the relationship of Social comparison and critical Processing to body image disturbance in college women. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(8), 1114-1138. Manasia, T. (2011). Effects of Media on Body Image. Vanderbilt University. Retrieved from http://healthpsych.psy.vanderbilt.edu/media_and_body_image.htm Markey, C., Markey , P., Birch, L. (2004). Understanding Women’s Body Satisfaction. Sex Roles, 51(4), 209–216. Media Awareness Network. (2010). Beauty and Body Image in the Media. Media Awareness Network. Retrieved from media-awareness.ca/english/issues/stereotyping/women_and_girls/women_beauty.cfm Muscat, K. (2011). Can’t Get No (Body) Satisfaction: Media Effects on Body Image. Psychology in Action. Retrieved from psychologyinaction.org/2011/09/19/can%E2%80%99t-get-no-body-satisfaction-media-effects-on-body-image/ Ohio State University. (2011). Medias focus on ideal body shape can boost womens body satisfaction, for a while. Science Daily. Retrieved from sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110411121557.htm Poveromo, J., Hofstra University. (2007). Magazine influence and body dissatisfaction in women: An examination of initial body dissatisfaction, social comparison, and internalization of the thin ideal. Michigan: ProQuest. Scheufele, D. (1999). Framing as a theory of media effec ts. Journal of Communication, 103-122. Tiggemann, M., Slater, A. (2003). Thin Ideals in Music Television: A Source of Social Comparison and Body Dissatisfaction. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 35, 48–58. Ussher, J. (2000). Womens health: contemporary international perspectives. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. Wykes, M. Gunter, B. (2005). The media and body image: if looks could kill. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE.
Wednesday, March 11, 2020
Is It Possible To Feel Sympathy For Macbeth Essays
Is It Possible To Feel Sympathy For Macbeth Essays Is It Possible To Feel Sympathy For Macbeth Paper Is It Possible To Feel Sympathy For Macbeth Paper We can take a quote from this scene where all the witches chant: Fair is foul and foul is fair, this quote IS hinting towards Macbeth future, with he quotes meaning being that things dont look the same as they actually are on the inside. In the second scene, king Duncan learns the rebels, led by traitor Thane of Castor Macdonald, has been crushed by Macbeth, Macbeth is praised for his bravery shown in this quote: for brave Macbeth (well he deserves that name, disdaining fortune, with his brandished steel this shows his bravery and loyalty, at this point he is a soldier with good intentions and no aspiration for harm. After Duncan hears this news he orders for McDonalds execution and announces Macbeth to be the new hand of Castor. Dunces condemns Macdonald by saying no more that Thane of Castor shall deceive our bosoms interest, meaning that he wont receive matters close to his heart. In scene three the witches appear and discuss putting a horrific spell on a sailor just for being rude to one of the witches, this is hinting towards the way they treat Macbeth and what Macbeth is going to be dragged into. The witches then come to Macbeth and Banana to give a prophecy in which they hail Macbeth as Thane of Glacis, Thane of Castor and King hereafter, the three witches then disappear. After, Angus and Ross tell Macbeth he is the new Thane Castor, this tells Macbeth the prophecy is true. Macbeth is very interested and tempted in the crown now we know this from this quote: Why do yield to that suggestion whose horrid image doth unfix my hair, and make me my seated heart knock at my ribs. Macbeth has just thought about killing Duncan but the thought makes him feel an odd sick feeling, his humanity provokes us to feel sympathy for Macbeth. In scene 4, King Duncan thanks Macbeth and Banana personally. You can tell that Macbeth wants the crown as he flatters Duncan as he says The service and loyalty owe in doing it, pays itself, Your highness part is to receive our duties. However Malcolm, Dunces son, is announced as the next king, you can feel sympathy for Macbeth here because what he has be en promised by the witches has been taken away from him. However this quotes tells us that Macbeth wants to kill Duncan: that is a Step on which I must fall down, or else Orleans, for in my way it lies, he is saying he must either forget about his ambitions or plan to do something about the obstacles in the way of his true, his decision is made: stars hide your fires! Let not light see my black and deep desires. He is asking God to not let anyone discover his ambitions; we lose sympathy for Macbeth at this point. In scene 5, Lady Macbeth reads a letter from Macbeth of what the witches have predicted, Lady Macbeth becomes desperate for the crown and will now stop at nothing to get it. However she doubts Machetes drive for this throne: yet I do fear thy nature. It is too full o the milk of human kindness so she decides to persuade by pouring her spirits into thing ear. When Macbeth arrives home she persuades and manipulates him into killing Duncan when he comes to spend the night at their castle. We can feel sympathy for Macbeth at this point because he has thinking about killing Duncan and he is vulnerable but Lady Macbeth causes him to change his mind. Scene 6 is a very short one in which Duncan and others arrives at Inverness and is greeted by Lady Macbeth, and flatters him by saying: all our service, in every point done twice and then double, were poor and single business to contend against those honors deep and broad wherewith Your Majesty odds our house. In scene 7 Macbeth debates with himself whether he should kill Duncan. But his wife goads him, manipulating him, she questions his manhood Was hope drunk wherein you dressed yourself. She even questions his love for her From this time, should I account thy love. Macbeth still questions himself, but she begs him to tighten his courage to the limit. Lady Macbeth his pushing and pulling at a weak and vulnerable mind, so we must feel sympathy for him. Macbeth goes ahead with the plan to murder Duncan. In conclusion, I do feel sympathy for Macbeth at some points of Act 1 u to his wife being so ruthless and his loyalty and humanity at the beginning of the Act, but I feel as though t his means hardly anything because his does think about killing Duncan and Macbeth knows what he plans to do is wrong, and fully acknowledges the future consequences. That is a Step on which must fall down, or else overlap, for in my way it lies, he is saying he must either forget about manhood Was hope drunk wherein you dressed yourself. She even Duncan. In conclusion, do feel sympathy for Macbeth at some points of Act 1 beginning of the Act, but feel as though this means hardly anything because
Monday, February 24, 2020
Managing Decisions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words
Managing Decisions - Essay Example e decisions which are taken on the basis of relevant assumptions which are made after considering for all types of situations and consequences which the organisation can face in future. As per this model there are seven basic steps which are taken while managing decisions. First of all, the main problem should be defined and analysed in order to assess the future situation which the company may face due to the problem. The second step is to identify and analyse all the alternative solutions of the problem. The third step is to analyse all the merits and demerits of the identified alternatives. Once all the alternatives have been assessed the fourth step is to rank all alternative solutions as per their strengths. Ranking helps to identify the optimal alternative solution which can maximise the satisfaction level, thus identification of the optimal solution id the fifth step of this model. Sixth step is to implement the chosen alternative. Once the alternative is implemented follow up s are done to assure that every thing is going as decided, this is the seventh step in normative model (Swansburg and Swansburg, 2002, p.256). Decision tree: The uncertainty aspects of the future events make the decision making more crucial and vital for every organisation. One of the most popular and common quantitative technique which is used to manage decisions regarding uncertain activities is decision tree. Thus decision tree can be defined as the graphical representation of various sequential decisions and the various expected values of those decisions. The decision tree helps to assess each decision as per their sequence in analysing the expected value of the given alternatives. The expected values are the probable value of the outcomes of various activities. These are considered... Center of discussion in this paper is decision making as an important aspect of every business enterprise. The success of the organisation largely depends upon the managerial decisions. Therefore it is very important to efficiently manage the decision making. The whole organisation starting from the recruitment of the human resource, planning for the production and manufacturing of products, planning for the projected business, demand forecasting, planning of the activities to be done in the organisation, budgeting, forecasting of the revenue, target customers, etc are very important for success of the organisation. Therefore, the managerial decisions are very important and have a great impact on the overall performance of the company. If any decisions regarding planning of the organisational activities or the short term targets set for the company are not done efficiently then the company can be severely affected in long run. There are many techniques which help the managers in thei r decision making. Some of the methods are quantitative and some are qualitative. Every method has its pros and cons but at the same time relevant in their own field. Thus the best technique is to combine the various techniques of decision making in other words the management should not depend on one technique of decision making but it should practice a variety of decision making tools which would increase the efficiency of decision making process and will also make the decision process faster and effective.
Saturday, February 8, 2020
Description case in the healthcare system Essay
Description case in the healthcare system - Essay Example The pains did not stop if anything they were becoming worse by the minute and I had no one coming to check on me as promised. Judging by the wall clock in my white-walled room, it had been over two hours since my admission and not a single soul had come by to check my vitals despite it being at night and hence not many patients were being attended to. The sight of the pure white walls was sickening and I could not let the thought of how depressing they were away. With every pain in my stomach, groin and I guess the whole body; I shuddered and let out a scream full of agony to signify my current state. I could not take it anymore, I had to press that bell and call for help. Twenty minutes after pressing the so-called emergency bell, a tall burly-looking like nurse appeared on my door half drowsy and I could tell by her facial expression that she was not happy to be woken up by a screaming pregnant lady or even a truly dying patient. That was to be proved a few seconds later when she s aid: â€Å"what is it that you want?†I was in too much pain to think about it then (but thinking about it now, that was a rude remark).I explained to her my predicaments and the promise of the doctor being there soon to check on me but had seen no one for over two hours and the pain was getting worse by the minute. She just looked at me with this unbelievable expression in her eyes and just left without uttering a single word. So I decided to wait for that conversation with the mean-looking nurse got me no one.
Wednesday, January 29, 2020
Ad Hope on Identity Essay Example for Free
Ad Hope on Identity Essay Identity, defined as the sense of self, providing sameness and continuity in personality over time and sometimes disturbed in mental illnesses, is a concept frequently explored by Australian poet and essayist Alec Derwent Hope. This is evident in the poems Australia and The Explorers where Hope utilises a number of literary techniques, primarily metaphorical language, to express his understanding of and critiques the nature of identity. Australia is Hopes criticism of Australian society in general and Australia itself. The first five stanzas are spent describing Australia in an extremely negative manner, where Australia is said to be a ‘nation of trees, drab green and desolate grey’, a country that is past the age of celebration. Having lived in both Australia and Europe while on a university scholarship, Hope is able to describe Europe as a ‘lush jungle of modern thought’ and gives us a brief comparison of the two countries. See more: Basic Economic problem of Scarcity Essay Australia revolves around Hopes idea of Australia being too Eurocentric and that Australia should cultivate its own identity rather than mimicking our mother country. This suggests that as individuals, our identities are largely influenced by our parents but instead of simply mirroring them, we should establish our own sense of identity. Hope also describes Australia as ‘a breast still tender but within the womb is dry’, comparing Australia to an older woman who can no longer bare children, implying that externally, we may still seem fruitful and fresh with the opposite being internally. This metaphor of Australia may be referring to the fact that identity does not exist on its own, but as two, as an internal and external identity. The title of the poem ‘The Explorers’ refers to the girls and women journeying through the threatening landscape that is our world. Written in 1939 during a time where women were still seen as weak and inferior to men, Hope further emphasises the fact that both an internal and external identity exists. This can be seen in the poem where Hope writes ‘all those nice young girls, so properly brought up’ showing how on the exterior, women appear to be pure, innocent and polite. This shows how our external identity is shaped and manipulated by society’s expectations and that in order to satisfy these expectations our identities are split into two. The main idea of this poem is how influential and manipulative society can be and is portrayed in this poem as ‘enormous jungles full of eyes and fears’.
Tuesday, January 21, 2020
Computer Ethics Essay -- Ethics Morals Morality
Computer Ethics A Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics (see Appendix A) was first presented by Dr. Ramon C. Barquin's in his paper for the Computer Ethics Institute of the Brookings Institution entitled, "In Pursuit of a 'Ten Commandments' for Computer Ethics" in May of 1992. Computer ethics is about principles related to behavior and decisions made by computer professionals and users, including software engineers, operators, managers, policy makers, as well as educators and students. This means all these people involved should be supported with some "policies for ethical conduct" i.e. policies that guide their actions and increase adequacy of the decisions they make. (Szejko par. 1) With the rapid infusion of computers, software and related technologies into homes, schools and businesses, we initially focused our energies on learning about the technologies and how to use them. We now need to focus our attention on the ethical issues surrounding technology to insure that we and our children understand and practice values important to all of us; respect for others, their property, ownership, and the right to privacy. (Alden par. 4) There are various interpretations of the term "computer ethics." Computer ethics might be understood in one sense as the efforts of professional philosophers to apply traditional ethical theories and concepts to issues regarding the use of computer technology. However, it is possible to construe computer ethics in another sense to include standards of professional practice, codes of conduct, and aspects of computer law, public policy, and corporate ethics. Information technology has affected our home life, our business life, and our relationships with others. It has also affected us in regards to ... ... Respect For Your Fellow Humans. Works Cited Alden, Sally B. Myths and Misperceptions on Computer Ethics. 1990. Computer Learning Foundation. Retrieved 26 Jan. 2007 http://www.computerlearning.org/articles/respmyth.htm Barquin, Ramon. The Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics. 1992. Computer Ethics Institute. Retrieved 22 Jan. 2007 Davis, Michael. "Thinking like an Engineer: The Place of a Code of Ethics in the Practice of a Profession". Philosophy and Public Affairs 20.2 (1991): 150-167. Luegenbiehl, Heinz C. "Codes of Ethics and the Moral Education of Engineers", Business and Professional Ethics Journal 2 (1983): 41-61. Rpt. in Ethical Issues in Engineering . Ed. Deborah G. Johnson. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1991. 137-154. Szejko, Stanislaw. Patterns of Ethical Behaviour and Decision Making. 2004. Ethicomp 2004. Retrieved 24 Jan. 2007
Monday, January 13, 2020
“Structural and Semantic Properties of Phraseological Unitsâ€Â
, ?. ?. : â€Å"Structural and semantic properties of phraseological units†IV -48 : . ?. ?. – 2011 Plan Introduction 1. Problems with the definition of phraseological units. The groups of phraseological units according their meaning 2. Ways of forming of phraseological units 3.Semantic structure of phraseological units Conclusions References Introduction Phraseological units, or idioms, as they are called by most western scholars, represent what can probably be described as the most picturesque, colourful and expressive part of the language’s vocabulary. If synonyms can be figuratively referred to as the tints and colours of the vocabulary, then phraseology is a kind of picture gallery in which are collected vivid and amusing sketches of the nation’s customs, traditions and prejudices, recollections of its past history, scraps of folk songs and fairy-tales.Quotations from great poets are preserved here alongside the dubious pearls of philistine wisdom and crude slang witticisms, for phraseology is not only the most colourful but probably the most democratic area of vocabulary and draws its resources mostly from the very depths of popular speech. Our abstract is devoted to the problem of defining the phraseological units and to their structural and semantic features. We try to analyze the works of different scholars, which researched these questions and to systematize their conclusions. Problems with the definition of phraseological units.The groups of phraseological units according their meaning In modern linguistics, there is considerable confusion about the terminology associated with these word-groups. Most Russian and Ukrainian scholars use the term â€Å"phraseological unit†, which was first introduced by Academician V. V. Vinogradov whose contribution to the theory of Russian phraseology cannot be overestimated. The term â€Å"idiom†, widely used by western scholars, has comparativ ely recently found its way into Russian and Ukrainian phraseology but is applied mostly to only a certain type of phraseological unit as it will be clear from further explanations.There are some other terms denoting more or less the same linguistic phenomenon: set-phrases, phrases, fixed word-groups, collocations. The confusion in the terminology reflects insufficiency of positive or wholly reliable criteria by which phraseological units can be distinguished from â€Å"free†word-groups. It should be pointed out at once that the â€Å"freedom†of free word-groups is relative and arbitrary. Nothing is entirely â€Å"free†in speech as its linear relationships are governed, restricted and regulated, on the one hand, by requirements of logic and common sense and, on the other, by the rules of grammar and combinability.One can speak of a black-eyed girl but not of a black-eyed table (unless in a piece of modernistic poetry where anything is possible). Also, to say t he child was glad is quite correct, but a glad child is wrong because in Modern English glad is attributively used only with a very limited number of nouns (e. g. glad news), and names of persons are not among them. Free word-groups are so called not because of any absolute freedom in using them but simply because they are each time built up anew in the speech process where as idioms are used as ready-made units with fixed and constant structures.So we can give the definition of each type of unit given above to use them correctly. First of all, set-phrases imply that the basic criterion of differentiation is stability of the lexical components and grammatical structure of word-groups. The term â€Å"word-equivalent†stresses not only semantic but also functional inseparability of certain word-groups, their aptness to function in speech as single words. A collocation is two or more words that often go together. These combinations just sound â€Å"right†to native Englis h speakers, who use them all the time.On the other hand, other combinations may be unnatural and just sound â€Å"wrong†. Look at these examples: the fast train – the quick train; fast food – quick food The term â€Å"idioms†generally implies that the essential feature of the linguistic units under consideration is idiomaticity or lack of motivation. Uriel Weinreich expresses his view that an idiom is a complex phrase, the meaning of which cannot be derived from the meanings of its elements. He developed a more truthful supposition, claiming that an idiom is a subset of a phraseological unit.Ray Jackendoff and Charles Fillmore offered a fairly broad definition of the idiom, which, in Fillmore’s words, reads as follows: â€Å"†¦an idiomatic expression or construction is something a language user could fail to know while knowing everything else in the language†. Chafe also lists four features of idioms that make them anomalies in the tra ditional language unit paradigm: ? non-compositionality; ? ansformational defectiveness; ? ungrammaticality; ? frequency asymmetry.Generally speaking, the term â€Å"idiom†, both in our country and abroad, is mostly applied to phraseological units with completely transferred meanings, that is, to the ones in which the meaning of the whole unit does not correspond to the current meanings of the components. According to the type of meaning phraseological units may be classified into: (classification given by Ryzhkova) ? Idioms; ? Semi-idioms; ? Phraseomatic units. Idioms are phraseological units with a transferred meaning. They can be completely or partially transferred: red tape.Semi-idioms are phraseological units with two phraseosemantic meanings: terminological and transferred: chain reaction, to lay down the arms. Phraseomatic units are not transferred at all. Their meanings are literal: the begging of the end; pins and needles. As we can see there is no one specific defin ition for such phenomenon as phraseological units. Different scholars make their own suggestions, which are worth to be considered. We’ve outlined the main of them which are necessary to know dealing with this problem in the process of studying of the English language.Ways of forming of phraseological units As we deal with the structure of phraseological units it’s necessary to pay attention to the classification given by A. V. Koonin. He distinguishes the groups of phraseological units according to the way they are formed. Primary ways of forming phraseological units are those when a unit is formed on the basis of a free word-group: a) Most productive in Modern English is the formation of phraseological units by means of transferring the meaning of terminological word-groups, e. . in cosmic technique we can point out the following phrases: â€Å"launching pad†in its terminological meaning is â€Å" †, in its transferred meaning – â€Å" †, â€Å"to link up†– â€Å"?’ †in its transformed meaning it means – â€Å"†. b) A large group of phraseological units was formed from free word-groups by transforming their meaning, e. g. â€Å"granny farm†–  «  », â€Å"Trojan horse†– â€Å"’ †. ) Phraseological units can be formed by means of alliteration, e. g. â€Å"a sad sack†– â€Å" †, â€Å"culture vulture†– â€Å", †, â€Å"fudge and nudge†– â€Å"†. d) They can be formed by means of expressiveness, especially it is characteristic for forming interjections, e. g. â€Å"My aunt! †, â€Å"Hear, hear! †etc e) They can be formed by means of distorting a word group, e. g. â€Å"odds and ends†was formed from â€Å"odd ends†. f) They can be formed by using archaisms, e. g. in brown study†means â€Å"in gloomy meditation†where b oth components preserve their archaic meanings, g) They can be formed by using a sentence in a different sphere of life, e. g. â€Å"that cock won’t fight†can be used as a free word-group when it is used in sports (cock fighting), it becomes a phraseological unit when it is used in everyday life, because it is used metaphorically; h) They can be formed when we use some unreal image, e. g. â€Å"to have butterflies in the stomach†– â€Å"†, â€Å"to have green fingers†– â€Å" †etc. ) i) They can be formed by using expressions of writers or politicians in everyday life, e. g. â€Å"corridors of power†(Snow), â€Å"American dream†(Alby) â€Å"locust years†(Churchil), â€Å"the winds of change†(M? Millan). Secondary ways of forming phraseological units are those when a phraseological unit is formed on the basis of another phraseological unit; they are: a) Conversion, e. g. â€Å"to vote with o ne’s feet†was converted into â€Å"vote with one’s feet†. b) Changing the grammar form, e. g. â€Å"Make hay while the sun shines†is transferred into a verbal phrase – â€Å"to make hay while the sun shines†. ) Analogy, e. g. â€Å"Curiosity killed the cat†was transferred into â€Å"Care killed the cat†. d) Contrast, e. g. â€Å"cold surgery†– â€Å"a planned before operation†was formed by contrasting it with â€Å"acute surgery†; â€Å"thin cat†– â€Å"a poor person†was formed by contrasting it with â€Å"fat cat†. e) Shortening of proverbs or sayings e. g. from the proverb â€Å"You can’t make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear†by means of clipping the middle of it the phraseological unit â€Å"to make a sow’s ear†. f) Borrowing phraseological units from other languages, either as translation loans, e. . â€Å"living spaceâ € (German), â€Å"to take the bull by the horns†(Latin) or by means of phonetic borrowings â€Å"meche blanche†(French), â€Å"corpse d’elite†(French), â€Å"sotto voce†(Italian) etc. Phonetic borrowings among phraseological units refer to the bookish style and are not used very often. A. V. Koonin distinguishes such types of the phraseological units according the principles given above: 1) Nominative: â€Å"a hard nut to crack†. They are subdivided into: ? Substantive: â€Å"crocodile tears†; ? Adjective: â€Å"as mad as a hatter†; â€Å"as cool as a cucumber†; ?Adverbial: â€Å"by & by†; â€Å"to & fro†; ? Verbal: â€Å"to live like a lord†. 2) Nominative-communicative: â€Å"the ice is broken†; 3) Interjectional & modal – emotions, feelings: â€Å"Oh, my eye! †(= â€Å"Oh, my God! †); â€Å"as sure as eggs is eggs†(â€Å", 2?2†); 4) Communicativ e – proverbs, sayings: â€Å"There is no smoke without fire†. This classification is called structural-semantic one and the phraseological units are grouped depending on the components they are formed by and on the meaning these units express. Semantic structure of phraseological unitsThe semantic structure of phraseological units by professor V. N. Teliya is formed by semantic ultimate constituents called macrocomponents of meaning. There are the following principal macrocomponents in the semantic structure of phraseological units: 1. Denotational (descriptive) macrocomponent contains the information about the objective reality, it is the procedure connected with categorization, i. e. the classification of phenomena of the reality, based on the typical idea about what is denoted by a phraseological unit (about denotatum). 2.Evaluational macrocomponent contains the information about the value of what is denoted by a phraseological unit, i. e. what value the speaker see s in this or that object / phenomenon of reality – the denotatum. The rational evaluation may be: a) positive: a home from home – â€Å"a place or situation where one feels completely happy and at ease†; b) negative: the lion’s den – â€Å"a place of great danger†; c) neutral: in the flesh – â€Å"in bodily form†. 3. Motivational macrocomponent correlates with the notion of the inner form of phraseological unit.The notion â€Å"motivation of a phraseological unit†can be defined as the aptness of â€Å"the literal reading†of a unit to be associated with the denotational and evaluational aspects of meaning. For example, the literal reading of the phraseological unit to have broad shoulders is physical strength of a person. The idea is indicative of a person’s strength becomes the base for transference and forms the meaning of â€Å"being able to bear the full weight of one’s responsibilities†. . Emotive macrocomponent is the contents of subjective modality expressing feeling-relation to what is denoted by a phraseological unit within the range of approval / disapproval, for example, a leading light in something – â€Å"a person who is important in a particular group†(spoken with approval), to lead a cat and dog life – â€Å"used to describe a husband and wife who quarrel furiously with each other most of the time†(spoken with disapproval). . Stylistic macrocomponent points to the communicative register in which a phraseological unit is used and to the social-role relationships between the participants of communication: a) formal: sick at heart – â€Å"very sad†; b) informal: be sick to death – â€Å"to be angry and bored because something unpleasant has been happening for too long†; c) neutral: pass by on the other side – â€Å"to ignore a person who needs help†. 6.Grammatical macrocomponent contains the information about all possible morphological and syntactic changes of a phraseological unit, for instance, to be in deep water = to be in deep waters; to take away smb’s breath = to take smb’s breath away; Achilles’s heel = the heel of Achilles. 7. Gender macrocomponent may be expressed explicitly, i. e. determined by the structure and / or semantics of a phraseological unit, and in that case it points out to the class of objects denoted by the phraseological unit: men, women, people (both men and women).For instance, compare the phraseological units every Tom, Dick and Harry meaning â€Å"every or any man†and every Tom, Dick and Sheila which denotes â€Å"every or any man and woman†. Gender macrocomponent may be expressed implicitly and then it denotes the initial (or historical) reference of a phraseological unit, for example, to wash one’s dirty linen in public – â€Å"discuss or argue about one’s personal affairs in public†. The implicit presence of the gender macrocomponent in this phraseological unit is conditioned by the idea about traditional women’s work (cf. with Ukrainian: ? ).The implicit gender macrocomponent is defined within the range of three conceptual spheres: masculine, feminine, intergender. Compare, for instance, the implicitly expressed intergender macrocomponent in to feel like royalty meaning â€Å"to feel like a member of the Royal Family, to feel majestic†and its counterparts, i. e. phraseological units with explicitly expressed gender macrocomponent, to feel like a queen and to feel like a king. So the semantic structure of phraseological unit is a complex formation with different denotative, significant and connotative aspects of meaning.The denotative aspect of phraseological meaning is the word subject named by this unit 1) relation between a lexical unit and an extralanguage subject or phenomena, 2) subject denotation; the significant aspect is a phraseological unit concept; a reflection of certain object concept in human consciousness; the connotative aspect is emotionally-expressive side and stylistic colouring of phraseological unit; additional word content, its stylistic colouring that superpose upon the main word meaning and convey emotionally-expressive and estimative attitude of the speaker to the denoted object.Correlation of these aspects in different types of phraseological units is different. One of the aspects may prevail and it causes certain influence of a phraseological unit on the communicative process. In comparative phraseological units significant and connotative aspects predominate. The communicative contribution of phraseological units of this type is fixed with the help of certain object determination, in which they carry pragmatic characteristic defined by emotionally-expressive factor of their meaning. Conclusions Phraseological units are very specific part of any language.It should be noted, however , that no proper scientific investigation of English phraseology has been attempted until quite recently. English and American linguists as a rule confine themselves to collecting various words, word-groups and sentences presenting some interest either from the point of view of origin, style, usage, or some other feature peculiar to them. These units are habitually described as idioms, but no attempt has been made to investigate these idioms as a separate class of linguistic units or a specific class of word-groups. We systematized the observations of A. V. Koonin, V. N. Teliya, G.Antrushyna connected with the structural and semantic properties of the phraseological units. Using their works we defined several classifications according the ways of forming and according semantic structure. For example, the types of the phraseological units distinguished by A. V. Koonin: 1) Nominative (with subgroups); 2) Nominative-communicative; 3) Interjectional & modal; 4) Communicative. All classi fications mentioned above exist simultaneously and describes the main features of the phraseological units: 1) Integrity (or transference) of meaning: means that none of the idiom components is eparately associated with any referents of objective reality, and the meaning of the whole unit cannot be deduced from the meanings of its components; 2) Stability (lexical and grammatical) means that no lexical substitution is possible in an idiom in comparison with free or variable word-combinations (with an exception of some cases when such substitutions are made by the author intentionally). The experiments conducted in the 1990s showed that the meaning of an idiom is not exactly identical to its literal paraphrase given in the dictionary entry.That is why we may speak about lexical flexibility of many units if they are used in a creative manner. Lexical stability is usually accompanied by grammatical stability which prohibits any grammatical changes; 3) Separability means that the struct ure of an idiom is not something indivisible, certain modifications are possible within certain boundaries. Here we meet with the so-called lexical and grammatical variants. To illustrate this point we shall give some examples: â€Å"as hungry as a wolf (as a hunter)†, â€Å"as safe as a house (houses)†. 4) Expressivity and emotiveness means that idioms are also characterized by stylistic colouring.In other words, they evoke emotions or add expressiveness. On the whole phraseological units, even if they present a certain pattern, do not generate new phrases. They are unique. Interlanguage comparison, the aim of which is the exposure of phraseological conformities, forms the basis of a number of theoretical and applied trends of modern linguistic research, including the theory and practice of phraseography. But the question of determining the factors of interlanguage phraseological conformities as the main concept and the criterion of choosing phraseological equivalents and analogues as the aspect concepts is still at issue.The analysis of special literature during the last decades shows that the majority of linguists consider the coincidence of semantic structure, grammatical (or syntactical) organization and componential (lexeme) structure the main criteria in defining the types of interlanguage phraseological conformities / disparities with the undoubted primacy of semantic structure. References 1. ?. ?. / ?. ?. – ?. , 1963. – 208 ?. 2. ?. ?. : . / ?. ?. , ?. ?. , ?. ?. – ?. , 1999. – 288 ?. 3. ?. ?. : . - ? . . / ?. ?. – ?. : . , 1986. – 295 ?. 4. . . . / [ ?. ?. ]. – ?. : - , 2006. – 784?. 5. ?. ?. ? / ?. ?. // . ? . – ?. , 1977. – ?. 140 – 161. 6. ?. ?. : - ? . . / ?. ?. , ?. ?. , ?. ?. , ?. ?. – ?. : . , 1979. – 169 ?. 7. ?. ?. : . . - ? - . . / ?. ?. – ?. : , 1989. – 126 ?. 8. ?. ?. - / ?. ?. – ?. : – , 2005. – 1210 ?. 9. ?. ?. /  ?. ?. – ?. : , 1972. – 288 ?. 10. Arnold I. V. The English Word / Arnold I. V. – M. : , 1986. – 296 ?.
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