Managing Decisions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Managing Decisions - Essay Example e decisions which are taken on the basis of relevant assumptions which are made after considering for all types of situations and consequences which the organisation can face in future. As per this model there are seven basic steps which are taken while managing decisions. First of all, the main problem should be defined and analysed in order to assess the future situation which the company may face due to the problem. The second step is to identify and analyse all the alternative solutions of the problem. The third step is to analyse all the merits and demerits of the identified alternatives. Once all the alternatives have been assessed the fourth step is to rank all alternative solutions as per their strengths. Ranking helps to identify the optimal alternative solution which can maximise the satisfaction level, thus identification of the optimal solution id the fifth step of this model. Sixth step is to implement the chosen alternative. Once the alternative is implemented follow up s are done to assure that every thing is going as decided, this is the seventh step in normative model (Swansburg and Swansburg, 2002, p.256). Decision tree: The uncertainty aspects of the future events make the decision making more crucial and vital for every organisation. One of the most popular and common quantitative technique which is used to manage decisions regarding uncertain activities is decision tree. Thus decision tree can be defined as the graphical representation of various sequential decisions and the various expected values of those decisions. The decision tree helps to assess each decision as per their sequence in analysing the expected value of the given alternatives. The expected values are the probable value of the outcomes of various activities. These are considered... Center of discussion in this paper is decision making as an important aspect of every business enterprise. The success of the organisation largely depends upon the managerial decisions. Therefore it is very important to efficiently manage the decision making. The whole organisation starting from the recruitment of the human resource, planning for the production and manufacturing of products, planning for the projected business, demand forecasting, planning of the activities to be done in the organisation, budgeting, forecasting of the revenue, target customers, etc are very important for success of the organisation. Therefore, the managerial decisions are very important and have a great impact on the overall performance of the company. If any decisions regarding planning of the organisational activities or the short term targets set for the company are not done efficiently then the company can be severely affected in long run. There are many techniques which help the managers in thei r decision making. Some of the methods are quantitative and some are qualitative. Every method has its pros and cons but at the same time relevant in their own field. Thus the best technique is to combine the various techniques of decision making in other words the management should not depend on one technique of decision making but it should practice a variety of decision making tools which would increase the efficiency of decision making process and will also make the decision process faster and effective.

Description case in the healthcare system Essay

Description case in the healthcare system - Essay Example The pains did not stop if anything they were becoming worse by the minute and I had no one coming to check on me as promised. Judging by the wall clock in my white-walled room, it had been over two hours since my admission and not a single soul had come by to check my vitals despite it being at night and hence not many patients were being attended to. The sight of the pure white walls was sickening and I could not let the thought of how depressing they were away. With every pain in my stomach, groin and I guess the whole body; I shuddered and let out a scream full of agony to signify my current state. I could not take it anymore, I had to press that bell and call for help. Twenty minutes after pressing the so-called emergency bell, a tall burly-looking like nurse appeared on my door half drowsy and I could tell by her facial expression that she was not happy to be woken up by a screaming pregnant lady or even a truly dying patient. That was to be proved a few seconds later when she s aid: â€Å"what is it that you want?† I was in too much pain to think about it then (but thinking about it now, that was a rude remark).I explained to her my predicaments and the promise of the doctor being there soon to check on me but had seen no one for over two hours and the pain was getting worse by the minute. She just looked at me with this unbelievable expression in her eyes and just left without uttering a single word. So I decided to wait for that conversation with the mean-looking nurse got me no one.

Ad Hope on Identity Essay Example for Free

Ad Hope on Identity Essay Identity, defined as the sense of self, providing sameness and continuity in personality over time and sometimes disturbed in mental illnesses, is a concept frequently explored by Australian poet and essayist Alec Derwent Hope. This is evident in the poems Australia and The Explorers where Hope utilises a number of literary techniques, primarily metaphorical language, to express his understanding of and critiques the nature of identity. Australia is Hopes criticism of Australian society in general and Australia itself. The first five stanzas are spent describing Australia in an extremely negative manner, where Australia is said to be a ‘nation of trees, drab green and desolate grey’, a country that is past the age of celebration. Having lived in both Australia and Europe while on a university scholarship, Hope is able to describe Europe as a ‘lush jungle of modern thought’ and gives us a brief comparison of the two countries. See more: Basic Economic problem of Scarcity Essay Australia revolves around Hopes idea of Australia being too Eurocentric and that Australia should cultivate its own identity rather than mimicking our mother country. This suggests that as individuals, our identities are largely influenced by our parents but instead of simply mirroring them, we should establish our own sense of identity. Hope also describes Australia as ‘a breast still tender but within the womb is dry’, comparing Australia to an older woman who can no longer bare children, implying that externally, we may still seem fruitful and fresh with the opposite being internally. This metaphor of Australia may be referring to the fact that identity does not exist on its own, but as two, as an internal and external identity. The title of the poem ‘The Explorers’ refers to the girls and women journeying through the threatening landscape that is our world. Written in 1939 during a time where women were still seen as weak and inferior to men, Hope further emphasises the fact that both an internal and external identity exists. This can be seen in the poem where Hope writes ‘all those nice young girls, so properly brought up’ showing how on the exterior, women appear to be pure, innocent and polite. This shows how our external identity is shaped and manipulated by society’s expectations and that in order to satisfy these expectations our identities are split into two. The main idea of this poem is how influential and manipulative society can be and is portrayed in this poem as ‘enormous jungles full of eyes and fears’.

Computer Ethics Essay -- Ethics Morals Morality

Computer Ethics A Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics (see Appendix A) was first presented by Dr. Ramon C. Barquin's in his paper for the Computer Ethics Institute of the Brookings Institution entitled, "In Pursuit of a 'Ten Commandments' for Computer Ethics" in May of 1992. Computer ethics is about principles related to behavior and decisions made by computer professionals and users, including software engineers, operators, managers, policy makers, as well as educators and students. This means all these people involved should be supported with some "policies for ethical conduct" i.e. policies that guide their actions and increase adequacy of the decisions they make. (Szejko par. 1) With the rapid infusion of computers, software and related technologies into homes, schools and businesses, we initially focused our energies on learning about the technologies and how to use them. We now need to focus our attention on the ethical issues surrounding technology to insure that we and our children understand and practice values important to all of us; respect for others, their property, ownership, and the right to privacy. (Alden par. 4) There are various interpretations of the term "computer ethics." Computer ethics might be understood in one sense as the efforts of professional philosophers to apply traditional ethical theories and concepts to issues regarding the use of computer technology. However, it is possible to construe computer ethics in another sense to include standards of professional practice, codes of conduct, and aspects of computer law, public policy, and corporate ethics. Information technology has affected our home life, our business life, and our relationships with others. It has also affected us in regards to ... ... Respect For Your Fellow Humans. Works Cited Alden, Sally B. Myths and Misperceptions on Computer Ethics. 1990. Computer Learning Foundation. Retrieved 26 Jan. 2007 http://www.computerlearning.org/articles/respmyth.htm Barquin, Ramon. The Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics. 1992. Computer Ethics Institute. Retrieved 22 Jan. 2007 Davis, Michael. "Thinking like an Engineer: The Place of a Code of Ethics in the Practice of a Profession". Philosophy and Public Affairs 20.2 (1991): 150-167. Luegenbiehl, Heinz C. "Codes of Ethics and the Moral Education of Engineers", Business and Professional Ethics Journal 2 (1983): 41-61. Rpt. in Ethical Issues in Engineering . Ed. Deborah G. Johnson. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1991. 137-154. Szejko, Stanislaw. Patterns of Ethical Behaviour and Decision Making. 2004. Ethicomp 2004. Retrieved 24 Jan. 2007

“Structural and Semantic Properties of Phraseological Units”

, ?. ?. : â€Å"Structural and semantic properties of phraseological units† IV -48 : . ?. ?. – 2011 Plan Introduction 1. Problems with the definition of phraseological units. The groups of phraseological units according their meaning 2. Ways of forming of phraseological units 3.Semantic structure of phraseological units Conclusions References Introduction Phraseological units, or idioms, as they are called by most western scholars, represent what can probably be described as the most picturesque, colourful and expressive part of the language’s vocabulary. If synonyms can be figuratively referred to as the tints and colours of the vocabulary, then phraseology is a kind of picture gallery in which are collected vivid and amusing sketches of the nation’s customs, traditions and prejudices, recollections of its past history, scraps of folk songs and fairy-tales.Quotations from great poets are preserved here alongside the dubious pearls of philistine wisdom and crude slang witticisms, for phraseology is not only the most colourful but probably the most democratic area of vocabulary and draws its resources mostly from the very depths of popular speech. Our abstract is devoted to the problem of defining the phraseological units and to their structural and semantic features. We try to analyze the works of different scholars, which researched these questions and to systematize their conclusions. Problems with the definition of phraseological units.The groups of phraseological units according their meaning In modern linguistics, there is considerable confusion about the terminology associated with these word-groups. Most Russian and Ukrainian scholars use the term â€Å"phraseological unit†, which was first introduced by Academician V. V. Vinogradov whose contribution to the theory of Russian phraseology cannot be overestimated. The term â€Å"idiom†, widely used by western scholars, has comparativ ely recently found its way into Russian and Ukrainian phraseology but is applied mostly to only a certain type of phraseological unit as it will be clear from further explanations.There are some other terms denoting more or less the same linguistic phenomenon: set-phrases, phrases, fixed word-groups, collocations. The confusion in the terminology reflects insufficiency of positive or wholly reliable criteria by which phraseological units can be distinguished from â€Å"free† word-groups. It should be pointed out at once that the â€Å"freedom† of free word-groups is relative and arbitrary. Nothing is entirely â€Å"free† in speech as its linear relationships are governed, restricted and regulated, on the one hand, by requirements of logic and common sense and, on the other, by the rules of grammar and combinability.One can speak of a black-eyed girl but not of a black-eyed table (unless in a piece of modernistic poetry where anything is possible). Also, to say t he child was glad is quite correct, but a glad child is wrong because in Modern English glad is attributively used only with a very limited number of nouns (e. g. glad news), and names of persons are not among them. Free word-groups are so called not because of any absolute freedom in using them but simply because they are each time built up anew in the speech process where as idioms are used as ready-made units with fixed and constant structures.So we can give the definition of each type of unit given above to use them correctly. First of all, set-phrases imply that the basic criterion of differentiation is stability of the lexical components and grammatical structure of word-groups. The term â€Å"word-equivalent† stresses not only semantic but also functional inseparability of certain word-groups, their aptness to function in speech as single words. A collocation is two or more words that often go together. These combinations just sound â€Å"right† to native Englis h speakers, who use them all the time.On the other hand, other combinations may be unnatural and just sound â€Å"wrong†. Look at these examples: the fast train – the quick train; fast food – quick food The term â€Å"idioms† generally implies that the essential feature of the linguistic units under consideration is idiomaticity or lack of motivation. Uriel Weinreich expresses his view that an idiom is a complex phrase, the meaning of which cannot be derived from the meanings of its elements. He developed a more truthful supposition, claiming that an idiom is a subset of a phraseological unit.Ray Jackendoff and Charles Fillmore offered a fairly broad definition of the idiom, which, in Fillmore’s words, reads as follows: â€Å"†¦an idiomatic expression or construction is something a language user could fail to know while knowing everything else in the language†. Chafe also lists four features of idioms that make them anomalies in the tra ditional language unit paradigm: ? non-compositionality; ? ansformational defectiveness; ? ungrammaticality; ? frequency asymmetry.Generally speaking, the term â€Å"idiom†, both in our country and abroad, is mostly applied to phraseological units with completely transferred meanings, that is, to the ones in which the meaning of the whole unit does not correspond to the current meanings of the components. According to the type of meaning phraseological units may be classified into: (classification given by Ryzhkova) ? Idioms; ? Semi-idioms; ? Phraseomatic units. Idioms are phraseological units with a transferred meaning. They can be completely or partially transferred: red tape.Semi-idioms are phraseological units with two phraseosemantic meanings: terminological and transferred: chain reaction, to lay down the arms. Phraseomatic units are not transferred at all. Their meanings are literal: the begging of the end; pins and needles. As we can see there is no one specific defin ition for such phenomenon as phraseological units. Different scholars make their own suggestions, which are worth to be considered. We’ve outlined the main of them which are necessary to know dealing with this problem in the process of studying of the English language.Ways of forming of phraseological units As we deal with the structure of phraseological units it’s necessary to pay attention to the classification given by A. V. Koonin. He distinguishes the groups of phraseological units according to the way they are formed. Primary ways of forming phraseological units are those when a unit is formed on the basis of a free word-group: a) Most productive in Modern English is the formation of phraseological units by means of transferring the meaning of terminological word-groups, e. . in cosmic technique we can point out the following phrases: â€Å"launching pad† in its terminological meaning is â€Å" †, in its transferred meaning – â€Å" †, â€Å"to link up† – â€Å"?’ † in its transformed meaning it means – â€Å"†. b) A large group of phraseological units was formed from free word-groups by transforming their meaning, e. g. â€Å"granny farm† –  «  », â€Å"Trojan horse† – â€Å"’ †. ) Phraseological units can be formed by means of alliteration, e. g. â€Å"a sad sack† – â€Å" †, â€Å"culture vulture† – â€Å", †, â€Å"fudge and nudge† – â€Å"†. d) They can be formed by means of expressiveness, especially it is characteristic for forming interjections, e. g. â€Å"My aunt! †, â€Å"Hear, hear! † etc e) They can be formed by means of distorting a word group, e. g. â€Å"odds and ends† was formed from â€Å"odd ends†. f) They can be formed by using archaisms, e. g. in brown study† means â€Å"in gloomy meditation† where b oth components preserve their archaic meanings, g) They can be formed by using a sentence in a different sphere of life, e. g. â€Å"that cock won’t fight† can be used as a free word-group when it is used in sports (cock fighting), it becomes a phraseological unit when it is used in everyday life, because it is used metaphorically; h) They can be formed when we use some unreal image, e. g. â€Å"to have butterflies in the stomach† – â€Å"†, â€Å"to have green fingers† – â€Å" † etc. ) i) They can be formed by using expressions of writers or politicians in everyday life, e. g. â€Å"corridors of power† (Snow), â€Å"American dream† (Alby) â€Å"locust years† (Churchil), â€Å"the winds of change† (M? Millan). Secondary ways of forming phraseological units are those when a phraseological unit is formed on the basis of another phraseological unit; they are: a) Conversion, e. g. â€Å"to vote with o ne’s feet† was converted into â€Å"vote with one’s feet†. b) Changing the grammar form, e. g. â€Å"Make hay while the sun shines† is transferred into a verbal phrase – â€Å"to make hay while the sun shines†. ) Analogy, e. g. â€Å"Curiosity killed the cat† was transferred into â€Å"Care killed the cat†. d) Contrast, e. g. â€Å"cold surgery† – â€Å"a planned before operation† was formed by contrasting it with â€Å"acute surgery†; â€Å"thin cat† – â€Å"a poor person† was formed by contrasting it with â€Å"fat cat†. e) Shortening of proverbs or sayings e. g. from the proverb â€Å"You can’t make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear† by means of clipping the middle of it the phraseological unit â€Å"to make a sow’s ear†. f) Borrowing phraseological units from other languages, either as translation loans, e. . â€Å"living spaceâ €  (German), â€Å"to take the bull by the horns† (Latin) or by means of phonetic borrowings â€Å"meche blanche† (French), â€Å"corpse d’elite† (French), â€Å"sotto voce† (Italian) etc. Phonetic borrowings among phraseological units refer to the bookish style and are not used very often. A. V. Koonin distinguishes such types of the phraseological units according the principles given above: 1) Nominative: â€Å"a hard nut to crack†. They are subdivided into: ? Substantive: â€Å"crocodile tears†; ? Adjective: â€Å"as mad as a hatter†; â€Å"as cool as a cucumber†; ?Adverbial: â€Å"by & by†; â€Å"to & fro†; ? Verbal: â€Å"to live like a lord†. 2) Nominative-communicative: â€Å"the ice is broken†; 3) Interjectional & modal – emotions, feelings: â€Å"Oh, my eye! † (= â€Å"Oh, my God! †); â€Å"as sure as eggs is eggs† (â€Å", 2?2†); 4) Communicativ e – proverbs, sayings: â€Å"There is no smoke without fire†. This classification is called structural-semantic one and the phraseological units are grouped depending on the components they are formed by and on the meaning these units express. Semantic structure of phraseological unitsThe semantic structure of phraseological units by professor V. N. Teliya is formed by semantic ultimate constituents called macrocomponents of meaning. There are the following principal macrocomponents in the semantic structure of phraseological units: 1. Denotational (descriptive) macrocomponent contains the information about the objective reality, it is the procedure connected with categorization, i. e. the classification of phenomena of the reality, based on the typical idea about what is denoted by a phraseological unit (about denotatum). 2.Evaluational macrocomponent contains the information about the value of what is denoted by a phraseological unit, i. e. what value the speaker see s in this or that object / phenomenon of reality – the denotatum. The rational evaluation may be: a) positive: a home from home – â€Å"a place or situation where one feels completely happy and at ease†; b) negative: the lion’s den – â€Å"a place of great danger†; c) neutral: in the flesh – â€Å"in bodily form†. 3. Motivational macrocomponent correlates with the notion of the inner form of phraseological unit.The notion â€Å"motivation of a phraseological unit† can be defined as the aptness of â€Å"the literal reading† of a unit to be associated with the denotational and evaluational aspects of meaning. For example, the literal reading of the phraseological unit to have broad shoulders is physical strength of a person. The idea is indicative of a person’s strength becomes the base for transference and forms the meaning of â€Å"being able to bear the full weight of one’s responsibilities†. . Emotive macrocomponent is the contents of subjective modality expressing feeling-relation to what is denoted by a phraseological unit within the range of approval / disapproval, for example, a leading light in something – â€Å"a person who is important in a particular group† (spoken with approval), to lead a cat and dog life – â€Å"used to describe a husband and wife who quarrel furiously with each other most of the time† (spoken with disapproval). . Stylistic macrocomponent points to the communicative register in which a phraseological unit is used and to the social-role relationships between the participants of communication: a) formal: sick at heart – â€Å"very sad†; b) informal: be sick to death – â€Å"to be angry and bored because something unpleasant has been happening for too long†; c) neutral: pass by on the other side – â€Å"to ignore a person who needs help†. 6.Grammatical macrocomponent contains the information about all possible morphological and syntactic changes of a phraseological unit, for instance, to be in deep water = to be in deep waters; to take away smb’s breath = to take smb’s breath away; Achilles’s heel = the heel of Achilles. 7. Gender macrocomponent may be expressed explicitly, i. e. determined by the structure and / or semantics of a phraseological unit, and in that case it points out to the class of objects denoted by the phraseological unit: men, women, people (both men and women).For instance, compare the phraseological units every Tom, Dick and Harry meaning â€Å"every or any man† and every Tom, Dick and Sheila which denotes â€Å"every or any man and woman†. Gender macrocomponent may be expressed implicitly and then it denotes the initial (or historical) reference of a phraseological unit, for example, to wash one’s dirty linen in public – â€Å"discuss or argue about one’s personal affairs in public†. The implicit presence of the gender macrocomponent in this phraseological unit is conditioned by the idea about traditional women’s work (cf. with Ukrainian: ? ).The implicit gender macrocomponent is defined within the range of three conceptual spheres: masculine, feminine, intergender. Compare, for instance, the implicitly expressed intergender macrocomponent in to feel like royalty meaning â€Å"to feel like a member of the Royal Family, to feel majestic† and its counterparts, i. e. phraseological units with explicitly expressed gender macrocomponent, to feel like a queen and to feel like a king. So the semantic structure of phraseological unit is a complex formation with different denotative, significant and connotative aspects of meaning.The denotative aspect of phraseological meaning is the word subject named by this unit 1) relation between a lexical unit and an extralanguage subject or phenomena, 2) subject denotation; the significant aspect is a phraseological unit concept; a reflection of certain object concept in human consciousness; the connotative aspect is emotionally-expressive side and stylistic colouring of phraseological unit; additional word content, its stylistic colouring that superpose upon the main word meaning and convey emotionally-expressive and estimative attitude of the speaker to the denoted object.Correlation of these aspects in different types of phraseological units is different. One of the aspects may prevail and it causes certain influence of a phraseological unit on the communicative process. In comparative phraseological units significant and connotative aspects predominate. The communicative contribution of phraseological units of this type is fixed with the help of certain object determination, in which they carry pragmatic characteristic defined by emotionally-expressive factor of their meaning. Conclusions Phraseological units are very specific part of any language.It should be noted, however , that no proper scientific investigation of English phraseology has been attempted until quite recently. English and American linguists as a rule confine themselves to collecting various words, word-groups and sentences presenting some interest either from the point of view of origin, style, usage, or some other feature peculiar to them. These units are habitually described as idioms, but no attempt has been made to investigate these idioms as a separate class of linguistic units or a specific class of word-groups. We systematized the observations of A. V. Koonin, V. N. Teliya, G.Antrushyna connected with the structural and semantic properties of the phraseological units. Using their works we defined several classifications according the ways of forming and according semantic structure. For example, the types of the phraseological units distinguished by A. V. Koonin: 1) Nominative (with subgroups); 2) Nominative-communicative; 3) Interjectional & modal; 4) Communicative. All classi fications mentioned above exist simultaneously and describes the main features of the phraseological units: 1) Integrity (or transference) of meaning: means that none of the idiom components is eparately associated with any referents of objective reality, and the meaning of the whole unit cannot be deduced from the meanings of its components; 2) Stability (lexical and grammatical) means that no lexical substitution is possible in an idiom in comparison with free or variable word-combinations (with an exception of some cases when such substitutions are made by the author intentionally). The experiments conducted in the 1990s showed that the meaning of an idiom is not exactly identical to its literal paraphrase given in the dictionary entry.That is why we may speak about lexical flexibility of many units if they are used in a creative manner. Lexical stability is usually accompanied by grammatical stability which prohibits any grammatical changes; 3) Separability means that the struct ure of an idiom is not something indivisible, certain modifications are possible within certain boundaries. Here we meet with the so-called lexical and grammatical variants. To illustrate this point we shall give some examples: â€Å"as hungry as a wolf (as a hunter)†, â€Å"as safe as a house (houses)†. 4) Expressivity and emotiveness means that idioms are also characterized by stylistic colouring.In other words, they evoke emotions or add expressiveness. On the whole phraseological units, even if they present a certain pattern, do not generate new phrases. They are unique. Interlanguage comparison, the aim of which is the exposure of phraseological conformities, forms the basis of a number of theoretical and applied trends of modern linguistic research, including the theory and practice of phraseography. But the question of determining the factors of interlanguage phraseological conformities as the main concept and the criterion of choosing phraseological equivalents and analogues as the aspect concepts is still at issue.The analysis of special literature during the last decades shows that the majority of linguists consider the coincidence of semantic structure, grammatical (or syntactical) organization and componential (lexeme) structure the main criteria in defining the types of interlanguage phraseological conformities / disparities with the undoubted primacy of semantic structure. References 1. ?. ?. / ?. ?. – ?. , 1963. – 208 ?. 2. ?. ?. : . / ?. ?. , ?. ?. , ?. ?. – ?. , 1999. – 288 ?. 3. ?. ?. : . - ? . . / ?. ?. – ?. : . , 1986. – 295 ?. 4. . . . / [ ?. ?. ]. – ?. : - , 2006. – 784?. 5. ?. ?. ? / ?. ?. // . ? . – ?. , 1977. – ?. 140 – 161. 6. ?. ?. : - ? . . / ?. ?. , ?. ?. , ?. ?. , ?. ?. – ?. : . , 1979. – 169 ?. 7. ?. ?. : . . - ? - . . / ?. ?. – ?. : , 1989. – 126 ?. 8. ?. ?. - / ?. ?. – ?. : – , 2005. – 1210 ?. 9. ?. ?. /   ?. ?. – ?. : , 1972. – 288 ?. 10. Arnold I. V. The English Word / Arnold I. V. – M. : , 1986. – 296 ?.

Why Women Live Longer Than Men

Paper - 2310 Words

ABSTRACT: WidgeCorps’s management team had a lack in understand of some of the key multivariate statistical techniques used by many companies to measure how variables react with one another. This paper will discuss how three of these techniques are commonly used and provides a recommendation for the company to use as they move forward with research and development of new products. This paper also compares and contrasts the different multivariate techniques. KEYWORDS: multivariate techniques, Chi-Square Test, multidimensional scaling There are many different multivariate techniques commonly used in businesses across the world. This paper will compare three commonly used techniques including factor analysis, multi-dimensional scaling,†¦show more content†¦Gmail, a subsidiary of Google is able to track consumer data with every click that a consumer makes with their mouse as the cruise the internet. Market research firms collect data daily about consumers. They then make note of the buying and internet surfing trends of consumers. They use cluster analysis by putting the clusters or groups of consumers with similar trends together and then marketing new products or services to them, (Downes, 2012). Multidimensional Scaling: Multidimensional Scaling is another multivariate technique WidgeCorp could use while doing research. Multidimensional scaling is the most abstract of the multivariate techniques. While abstract, it was the easiest for me to comprehend. Multidimensional Scaling has two main objects. The first objective is to find a pattern somewhere in the data collected and presenting it visually for all to understand, (Wilkes, 1977). To visually display the data, Multidimensional Scaling places the data retrieved onto a three-dimensional plain. It is particularly useful when dealing with many different variables and allows the reader to see a visual representation on how they relate to one another. 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Paper has served an ever-changing world well, constantly adapting and morphingRead MoreReflection Paper1317 Words   |  6 Pagesused to struggle with forming my thoughts into writing, let alone a paper. I was never confident with what I wrote. My writing had no greater purpose other than the assignment. My writing process included: writing my paper, proofreading it, and turning it in. Once the paper left my hands, it also left my mind. Throughout this course we worked with others, visited the writing lab, wrote critiques, and we were able to revise our papers. I believe that all of this is has caused me to grow greatly as aRead More History of Paper1180 Words   |  5 Pages The first historical mention of paper is 104 A.D. in China. The Empress of China at that time loved books and wanted to have a lot of them made. At the time everything was written on silk scrolls which were extremely expensive and time consuming to make. She wanted something cheaper and easier to use and so she asked one of her servants, a gentleman by the name of Tsi Lun to come up with an alternative. He worked for over nine years experimenting with different things and finally came up with hempRead MoreImportance Of Writing Paper870 Words   |  4 Pages Writing papers have not always been my favorite thing to do. The main reason why I detested writing papers, was because I considered my English horrible. English is not my native language and learning it was difficult i n my opinion. Especially, when as a child the only place where you could speak English was at school. Other than that, the only language I was allowed to speak at home was Spanish. Throughout the years I eventually got the hang of it, and at the beginning of fourth grade, I was placedRead MoreCharacteristics And Quality Of A Paper1062 Words   |  5 PagesChoosing the right paper is more complex and it requires more work than just picking any expensive sheet and keeping your fingers crossed. To choose the right paper, you should not choose one based on the highest quality available, or the most expensive one. Instead, you should choose your paper based on the paper size options, durability, finishing, color, the paper weight, price, availability, opacity, and brightness. To choose between the function and quality of a paper is not very easy. It isRead MoreSelf-Reflective Paper 838 Words   |  3 Pagesfixed. Although it was a process, I finally got around to clearly understanding what the objectives were for English 1302 and how to apply them to my papers for this course. The first objective that is given in the syllabus is to meet the requirement of 20 pages total by the end of the course. The objective includes being able to revise and edit papers in a proper fashion. There was a time where revising and editing did not seem important, however, it can make a significant difference in a grade.Read MoreRecycling Waste Paper11594 Words   |  47 PagesPaper recycling  is the process of recovering waste paper and remaking it into new paper products. There are three categories of paper that can be used as feedstocks for making recycled paper: mill broke, pre-consumer waste, and post-consumer waste.[1]  Mill broke  is paper trimmings and other paper scrap from the manufacture of paper, and is recycled internally in a  paper mill.  Pre-consumer waste  is material which left the paper mill but was discarded before it was ready for consumer use.  Post-consumer  wasteRead MoreCarabao Grass Paper17210 Words   |  69 PagesINTRODUCTION History Paper is believed to have originated in China sometime around A.D. 105. Its invention is credited to a Chinese artisan by the name of Tsai-Lun. Tsai Lun created the first type of paper by mixing macerated cellulose fiber with water. His method was simple. He beat rags to a pulp and diluted this with lots of water. He then drained the resultant mixture through a form of a sieve. The fibers matted together and, when it dried, formed what we know now as paper. This papermaking process